Congested Heart Failure. Heart failure results from impairment of ventricular function that presents as pulmonary edema, fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance and peripheral edema. Heart failure is categorized as a reduction in ejection fraction or diastolic dysfunction. It is the culmination of progressive changes in ventricular shape and thickness, chamber size and stiffness that reduce cardiac output. Hemodynamic goals are to preserve cardiac output and minimize workload on the heart (Pino, 2015).
• Perioperative Management:
• Maintain preload o Impaired left ventricular function is dependent on preload to maintain cardiac output. Be cautious with fluid overload to prevent pulmonary edema
• Avoid tachycardia o Goal is to minimize
• Perioperative Management:
• Maintain preload o Impaired left ventricular function is dependent on preload to maintain cardiac output. Be cautious with fluid overload to prevent pulmonary edema
• Avoid tachycardia o Goal is to minimize