Stress is an inevitable experience in life that can disrupt cognitive processes, neuroplasticity, endocrine and immune system in animals and humans (Dantzer and Mormede, 1995).
Chronic restraint stress models are the most popular for studying the mechanisms of impairments or cognitive disturbances (Chen et al ., 2010; Yi et al.,2013). Glucocorticoids are able to modulate many cellular processes such as energy and neurotransmitter metabolism (Datson et al ., 2008) which are all the intervening elements in response to stress and in the restoration of homeostasis. Authors have shown that the mother of both human and animals exposed to environmental factors such as emotional stress (Dudley et al ., 2011 ; Yong et al ., 2012; Neigh et al. , 2013)
Chronic restraint stress models are the most popular for studying the mechanisms of impairments or cognitive disturbances (Chen et al ., 2010; Yi et al.,2013). Glucocorticoids are able to modulate many cellular processes such as energy and neurotransmitter metabolism (Datson et al ., 2008) which are all the intervening elements in response to stress and in the restoration of homeostasis. Authors have shown that the mother of both human and animals exposed to environmental factors such as emotional stress (Dudley et al ., 2011 ; Yong et al ., 2012; Neigh et al. , 2013)