Autoimmune diseases affect about 50 million of the American population according to the American Autoimmune Statistics. Autoimmune occurs when the immune system can not detect the difference between self and nonself. The human immune system protects the body from foreign virus’ and sends antibodies to kill the unknown virus or intruders. This disease then causes the body to produce antibodies that will attack against the body’s healthy cells. It proceeds to attack itself and it’s healthy body cells. Although the actual cause as to why certain autoimmune diseases develop remains uncertain, there is a strong correlation between genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors.
Rheumatoid arthritis represents one of the most common autoimmune diseases …show more content…
Sex hormones are associated with the immune response, so estrogen can act as an enhancer of humoral immunity. Humoral immunity or antibody-mediated betta cellular immune system is a part of immunity that is mediated by active antibodies. Increased estrogen levels were found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. An increase of the female hormone can activate 17-beta estradiol which increases the cell growth and proliferation. A deficiency in estrogen will decrease bone restoration which could eventually lead to the possibility of osteoporosis. This female hormone has an effect on bone cells and can impact the body through the endocrine …show more content…
Toll-like receptors a specific kind of proteins that are contributors in the innate immune system. TLRs are able to distinguish “PAMP or pathogen associated molecular patterns,” (Hu et al., 2014) that contain “conserved molecules derived from microbes and are distinguishable from host molecules and activate the innate immune response.” In this experiment, it identified any expression of toll-like receptors in rheumatoid arthritis and exposed the roles they played in contributing to the inflammation process. RASF, rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts, were found to partake in the contribution of the rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. Synovial tissue and osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts were acquired by patients undergoing arthroscopy or total knee replacement surgery. The first step of the study was to begin with stimulation and cell culturing. To initiate the TLR stimulation, the RASF was placed in a 6-well chamber and incubated with various TLR ligands for 4 hours and 24 hours. After the time elapsed, the cells were rinsed with a serum-free RPMI which is a nutrient medium. The total RNA was obtained from each cell and was treated with a TURBO DNase. TURBO DNase removes any geomin DNA that could contaminate the cells. The next step was to perform a PCR, polymerase chain reaction which
Rheumatoid arthritis represents one of the most common autoimmune diseases …show more content…
Sex hormones are associated with the immune response, so estrogen can act as an enhancer of humoral immunity. Humoral immunity or antibody-mediated betta cellular immune system is a part of immunity that is mediated by active antibodies. Increased estrogen levels were found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. An increase of the female hormone can activate 17-beta estradiol which increases the cell growth and proliferation. A deficiency in estrogen will decrease bone restoration which could eventually lead to the possibility of osteoporosis. This female hormone has an effect on bone cells and can impact the body through the endocrine …show more content…
Toll-like receptors a specific kind of proteins that are contributors in the innate immune system. TLRs are able to distinguish “PAMP or pathogen associated molecular patterns,” (Hu et al., 2014) that contain “conserved molecules derived from microbes and are distinguishable from host molecules and activate the innate immune response.” In this experiment, it identified any expression of toll-like receptors in rheumatoid arthritis and exposed the roles they played in contributing to the inflammation process. RASF, rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts, were found to partake in the contribution of the rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. Synovial tissue and osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts were acquired by patients undergoing arthroscopy or total knee replacement surgery. The first step of the study was to begin with stimulation and cell culturing. To initiate the TLR stimulation, the RASF was placed in a 6-well chamber and incubated with various TLR ligands for 4 hours and 24 hours. After the time elapsed, the cells were rinsed with a serum-free RPMI which is a nutrient medium. The total RNA was obtained from each cell and was treated with a TURBO DNase. TURBO DNase removes any geomin DNA that could contaminate the cells. The next step was to perform a PCR, polymerase chain reaction which