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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
genetics
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the study of genes and their transmission from one generation to another.
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the study of genes
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gene
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the basic unit of heredity; a set of necleotides on a particular chromosome which code for a specific polypeptide.
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the basic unit of heredity and ?
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chromosomes
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tightly packed structures of chromatin visible during cell division
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chromatin
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threadlike material in the necleus composted of DNA and proteins
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karyltpye/karyogram
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the set of chromosomes of a cell or organism depicting their number, sizes, and shapes
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genotype
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the complete set of genes and alleles inherited from your parents
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phenotype
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the observed physical and functional traits that characterize an individual
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genome
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the complete set of genes in the chromosomes in a particular organism.
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gene pool
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all the various human genes and their alleles
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linked genes
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when alleles for different traits located on one chromosome
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alleles
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different structual and functional variation of homologous genes
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recessive alleles
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will express only when both alleles are present
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pedigree
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a graphic portrayal of the genetic connections among individuals
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chromosome malfunctions-duplications
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genes sequence that is repeated several to hundreds of times
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chromosome malfunctions-inversion
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a linear stretch of DNA is reversed within the chromosome
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chromosomes malfunctions-translocation
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a piece of one chromosome becomes attached to another nonhomologous chromosome
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chromosome malfunctions-deletion
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loss of a segment of a chromosome
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chromosome malfunctions-nondisjunction
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metaphase I, mondisjunction at Anaphase I, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Gametes
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Reproduction-
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the process of making new human beings
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what's the function of the male reproduction system-
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function: make & deliver sperm to female.
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scrotum
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pouch of skin & smooth muscle, contain testes which produce sperm & regulates tempertaure in testes.
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what is the function of the testes?
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produce sperm, testosterone & inhibin.
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where is sperm produced?
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in the siminiferous tubles
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what does LH?
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luteninizing hormone
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what is FSH?
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follicle stimulating hormone
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where is testosterone form/ secreted?
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interstitial cells
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what are the 3 male accessory glands?
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1. seminal vesicles (2)
2. prostate gland 3. bulbourethral gland (2) |
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what is typical ejaculation?
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200-500 million sperm
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what is ejaculation?
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involuntary contractions in smooth muscle.
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what is the function of the female reproductive system?
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to produce egge & prepare for fertilization.
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whats another name for oviducts
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the fallopian tubes
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what is the menstrual cycle
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monthly (28 days) changes in the ovaries and uterus
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the ovarian cycle
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regular pattern of growth, maturation & release of oocytes
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the uterine cycle
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uterus perpares for pregnancy
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what are the four sexual responses for males?
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1.excitement- erection
2.plateau stage- seconds to minutes 3. orgasm- ejaculation 3-4cc semen 4. resolution-refreactory period 4. resoluction- refrac |
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what are the four sexual responses for females?
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1. excitement- arousal first triggered by sights, sounds, & pshcholgocial stimuli
2. plateau- vasodilation in vulva 3. orgasm- rhythimic contractions of pelvic muscles 4. resolution- no waiting required |
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what is the structure of DNA nucleotides-
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Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C)
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whats the difference that DNA makes when it transferes to RNA?
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absence of thymine (T), A-U (U= uricil) G-C.
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what is mRNA
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messenger RNA- carries the genetic code to the ribosomes. codons are found here.
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what is tRNA
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transfer RNA- transports amino acids to the work site.
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what is rRNA
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ribosomal RNA- structrual site of protein synthesis
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what is the process of breaking down molecules into smaller ones?
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dehydration synthesis
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what is Biotechnology
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the application of biological knowledge for human purposes
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what is genetic engineering
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the manipulation of the genetic makeup of cells or an organism
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transgenic organisms
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the organisms that have been genetically altered so that they carry one or more foreigh genes.
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what are the 4 top biotech crops?
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soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola
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whhere are the 4 biotech foods produced
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USA, Argentina, Canada, and China
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the circulatory system
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the tussues and organs that transport nutrients and oxygen thoughout the body; and collects and transports wastes for elimation from the body.
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what are the 3 components of the circulatory system
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1. cardiovasular system
2. blood 3. lymphatic system |
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carful now- what are the 4 components of cardiovascular system
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1. the heart
2. arteries and arterioles 3. the capillaries 4. the veins and veinules |
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what are the layers of the heart walls
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1. pericardium
2. epicardium 3. myocardium 4. endocardium |
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what are the 3 heart arrhythmias?
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1. bradycardia
2. tachycardia 3. ventricular fibrillation |
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what is blood
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a liquid consisting of specialized cells and cell fragments suspended in a watery solution of molecules and ions
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what are the two agranular leukocytes- and what do they do?
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1. monocytes- 5% of WBCs
2. lymphocytes- 30% of WBCs |
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what is health
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a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
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what is a disease
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a deleterious change in the bosy in response to an environmental factor ( such as an infectious organism or environmental stressors) or an inherent weakness ( a congenital condition)
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what is a pathogen
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a disease-causing microorganism such as a bacterium or virus
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what is an emergent disease
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a dieease that was not previously known or has been absent for at least 20 years
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what are the 3 organs of the lymphatic system
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1. spleen
2. tonsils 3. thymus |
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what are phagocytes
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neutrophils and macrophages engulf and digest foreign cells and viruses.
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what is an antigen
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any substance that mobilizes the immune response
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where are B cells made
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in the bone marrow
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where are the t cells made
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in the thymus gland
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what is respiration
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the physiological process by which oxygen moves into the internal environment and carbon dioxide moves out
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what are the 4 respiratory precesses
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1. breathing
2. external respiration 3. internal respiration 4. cellulcar respiration |
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what is tidal volume
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the amount of air exchanged with a normal breath
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what is bronchitis
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the irritation of the ciliated epithelium that lines the bronchiole walls
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what is the urinary system
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the organs that produces transport, store, and excrete urine
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what does the hypothalamus do
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coordinates some autonomic functions of the pituitary gland
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what does the thalamus do?
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its the receiving, processing, and transfer center
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what does the limbic system do?
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its the center for emotions, behavior, and memory
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what is memory
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the ability to store information and later retrieve it.
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what are drugs?
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a substance introduced into the body to provoke a specific physiological response.
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what is a psychactive drug
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a substance that acts on the CNS by binding to receptors in the neuron plasma membrane
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what is drug abuse
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the use of a drug in a way that hards a person's health or interferes with the person's ability to function in society.
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what is trauma
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phyisical injury to the brain or spinal cord
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