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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Descriptive Statistics
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Used to summarize and make understandable-to describe-a group of numbers from a research study
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Inferential Statistics
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Used to draw conclusions and make inferences that are based on the numbers from a research study, but go beyond the numbers
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Variable
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A condition or characteristic that can have different values
EX:Stress level, age, gender, religion, etc. |
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Value
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A number or a category
EX:0,1,2,3,4, female, Catholic |
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Score
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A person's value on the variable
EX:0,1,2,3,4, female, Catholic |
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Equal-Interval Variables
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Variables in which the numbers stand for about equal amounts of what is being measured
EX:GPA, Stress level, age |
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Ratio Scale
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An equal-interval variable is measured on a ratio scale if it has an absolute zero point. An absolute zero point means that the value of zero on the variable indicates a complete absence of the variable.
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Discrete Variable
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Variable that has specific values and cannot have values between these specific values
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Continuous Variable
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In theory, there are an infinite number of values between any two values
EX:Height, weight, time |
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Rank Order Variables or Ordinal Variables
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Numeric variable in which values correspond to the relative position of things measured
EX:Class standing, position finished in a race |
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Nominal Variables or Categorical Variables
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Values are names or categories
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Grouped Frequency Table
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A frequency table that uses intervals
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Frequency Table
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A table that shows how frequently each score was used
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Histogram
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Bar chart in which the height of each bar is the frequency of each value in the frequency table
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Bar Graph
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The histogram for a nominal variable
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Frequency Polygon
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Line graph in which the height of each point shows the number of scores that have that value
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Frequency Distribution
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Shows the pattern or shape of how the frequencies are spread out or "distributed"
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Unimodal Distribution
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Distribution with one high point
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Bimodal Distribution
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Distribution that has two fairly equal high points
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Multimodal Distribution
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Any distribution with two or more high points
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Rectangular Distribution
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Distribution with values of all about the same frequency
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Symmetrical Distribution
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Distribution that has roughly equal distribution on either side
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Skewed Distribution
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Distribution that has one side that is long and spread out, somewhat like a tail. The side with the fewer scores (the side that looks more like a tail) is considered the direction of the skew
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Skewed to the Right
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Positively skewed, few scores at the high end
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Skewed to the Left
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Negatively Skewed, few scores at the low end
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Floor Effect
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A situation in which many scores pile up at the low end because you can't have a lower score.
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Ceiling Effect
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Scores pile up at the right, the high end. Can't go past a certain high point
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Normal Curve
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Bell-shaped curve, unimodal and symmetrical curve with average tails
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Kurtosis
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How much the shape of a distribution differs from a normal curve in terms of whether its tails are heavier (thicker) or lighter (thinner) than the normal curve
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