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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sociology at its core represents
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a conversation between theory and research
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Scientific method-
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A systematic organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem
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What are the Five steps in the Scientific method:
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1. Define Problem
2. Review the literature 3. Formulate hypothesis 4. Design Research 5Develop Conclusion |
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To define the Problem is to
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Identify both the concepts we are interested in learning more about and the nature of the relationship we suspect might exist
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Operational Definition-
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Transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable
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"Reviewing the Literature" involves
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investigating previous research conducted by sociologists and others
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Hypothesis-
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A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables
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Variable-
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A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions
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Independent Variable-
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The variable in a casual relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable
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Dependent variable-
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The variable in a causal relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable
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Causal Logic-
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The relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence with one event leading to another
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Correlation-
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A relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other
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Sample-
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A selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of that population
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Random sample-
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A sample for which every member of an entire population has the same chance of being selected
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Validity-
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The degree to which a measure of scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study
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Reliability-
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The extent to which a measure produces consistent results
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Control Variable-
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A factor that is held constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable
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Research design-
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A detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically
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Quantitative research-
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Research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
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Qualitative research-
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Research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data
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Ethnography-
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The study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation
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Experiment-
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An artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables
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Control group-
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the subjects in an experiment who are not introduced to the independent variable by the researcher
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Hawthorne effect-
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the unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects
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Secondary analysis-
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A variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data
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While in study, Participant Observer must
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maintain some degree of detachment from the group
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When scientists want to study a possible cause-and-effect relationship, they
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conduct an experiment
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The experimental group is exposed to an independent variable but
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the control group is not
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Devah Pager Devised
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experiment to assess the impact of a criminal background on individuals' employment opportunities
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American Sociological Association (ASA) First published its code of Ethics in
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1971 and revised it in 1997
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Erving Goffman conducted exploration of
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how advertisements portray women
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Value Neutrality-
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Max Webber's term of objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data
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