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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Deviance |
any action, belief, or characteristic that members of asocial group/society consider to be outside of their norms and incurs public disapproval(typically met with some kind of negative legal/social sanction) |
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Social Learning Theory |
Prisons as “schools of crime” or rehabilitative forconformity? (People learn social behaviours from peers...SOCIALIZATION) |
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Social Control Theory |
(Explanatory - S/F) Social structures, roles and relationships prevent deviance. Deviance is seen to define and reinforce moral boundaries and increase solidarity...for better or for worse. ('thick as thieves') |
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AbsolutePoverty |
What is needed to survive, the basic necessitiesof life (specific to the given society) |
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RelativePoverty |
Focuses on inequality and how people feel themselves to berelative to others -Poverty Line: An incomethreshold below which meeting living expenses is very difficult |
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PovertyLine |
An income threshold below which meeting living expenses isvery difficult |
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Depthof Poverty |
The phenomenon and magnitude offamilies living below the poverty line |
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WorldSystem Theory |
(Conflict/Critical Theory of Inequality) Focuses on the current stratification among core andperiphery nations |
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CulturalRelativism |
The principle that individual beliefs and activities shouldbe understood by others in terms of that individual’s culture (3rdgeneration rights) |
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Moral entrepreneurs |
seek to label behaviors they see as morally objectionable as deviant and needing sanction |
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types of stigma |
discredited/discreditable |
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recidivism |
repeat crimes |
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+/- Rights |
+: Rights TO something; obligation to action -: Protection FROM something; obligation to inaction |
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3 generations of rights |
1: Political/Civil 2: Economic/Social 3: Rights of People |
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Historical Materialism |
economy as the base of scoiety |
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Hypodescent rule |
"one black ancestor": shows constructed nature of race and discrimination |
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"White Racial Frame" |
stereotypes, images, stories that protray westerners as the "good" guys; a cultural reason for discrimination |
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hegemony |
discriminatory practices that see one race/culture as inherently superior to another` |
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Biological Essentialism |
Sex as strictly biologically defined |
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Pure relationships |
those that are entered purely for its own sake; individual partners have freedom to enjoy/terminate it |
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Reflexive modernity |
increasing self-awareness from structural constraints resulting in reflexivity and freedom in formation of relationships |
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Cosmopolitanism |
the ability to transcend constraints on thought and take into account global perspectives and alternate viewpoints |
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Exchange theory |
as pertaining to the family: inter/actionist theory; married individuals tend to live more fulfilled lives |
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Secularisation |
the declining role/significance of religion at both the individual and societal level (why so much in wealthy nations?) |
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Sects |
A small group who have consciously and voluntarily joined tohave a religious experience -Typicallyunregimented and led by a layperson rather than trained leader & Tendto be antiestablishment, and attract those who don't like the entrenched status quo |
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Churches |
A large group of religiously oriented people -One is usually born into a church rather than joining (althoughthey attract a diverse following) a highly bureaucratic structure |
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Cult |
A new, innovative, and exclusive religioustradition not associated with a religious organisation |
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NewReligious Movements |
An encompassing term for sects, cults and innovativereligious groups |
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Denominations |
A new movement that has gained respectability and publicacceptance Organised forms of religious expression thatusually support the social order and are tolerant |
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Legitimaions |
Systems generated by the social system to support its own existence, mystifying systems and make them unclear. creation of a "false consciousness" (critical theory) |
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Cultural Dopes |
those unthinking and easily controlled by outside demands (students are not) |
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cumulative advantage |
priviledged children get more opportunities to succeed, increasing the gap between themselves and less well off kids |
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university going habitus |
internalized preference/disposition learned through social interactions and contexts not accessible to all children |
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Components of religion |
Beliefs:Ideas that explain the world and what is sacred or profane, plus explanations of suffering Rituals:repeated traditional behaviors that symbol belief (eg: rites of passage) Experience:Viewing the world through a religious lens, constructing certain identities, afflictions, and life experiences |
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Types of social movements |
Reformative: change a certain public behavior Revolutionary: radical reorganisation of society Alternative: focused on a singular concern Redemotive: aimed at a single concern with greater change in mind` |
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life cycle of movements |
Emergence (discontent, but not orgaized) Coalescence (roles and groups emerge) Bureaucratization (organization, staffing, etc) Decline |
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Strength of movements |
Worthiness Unity Numbers Commitment |
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types of social *change* |
Ideological: industrialization, rights, individualization Technological: innovation in technology |
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Cultural Lag |
culture not evolved along with tech, politics, or economics |
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EmergentNorm Theory |
New norms emerge in light of some event, and guidenon-traditional actions that characterize collectivebehaviour (spreads via suggestibility) |
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ContagionTheory |
Anonymity offered by the crowd diffusesresponsibility and deactivates reason |
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Convergence |
Temporary gatherings of a relatively largenumber of people in a single location in a |
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Anonymity |
(diffusion of responsibility and conscience) |
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Contagion |
: Reciprocation and proliferation of simple emotions |
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Suggestibility |
Susceptibility to persuasion, activitydiminishes reasoning |
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Emergence of social movements |
mobilisation surrounding a common gerivance necessitates opportunity, and proximity in addition to material, organizational, and human resources (participation, goals, strategy, are key) |