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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Socialization:
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lifelong process of social interaction which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical mental, and social skills needed in society
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Sociobiology
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How bio effects social behavior
Ex: basic materials we have |
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Child maltreatment
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Neglect, sexual/ normal abuse
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Kohlberg
Preconventional level: (7-11) |
Children's punishments are based on punishment and obidance
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Kohlberg
Conventional Level: (10-adulthood) |
People are most concerned with how they are percieved
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Kohlberg
Post conventional: (Few adults reach this stage) |
People view mortality as individual rights
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Cooley and looking glass self
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How other people think of us
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Looking glass 3 step process:
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1. we think how our personality and appearance will look to other people
2. We imagine how other people judge the apperance and personality we present 3. We develop a self concept. If we think others view us well then it's high, if not, low |
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Role-taking
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to mentaly assumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from that persons point of view
Ex: when kids play dr, daddy, child |
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3 stages of self development
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1. Preparatory stage: up to age 3, interactions are meaningless
2. 3-5 kids play roles, relations to others 3. Early schools years: Not only know there roles, but others around theres |
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Generalized other
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Mead's term: Childs awarness of the demands of society
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Agents of sociallization:
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People, groups, "developing who we are"
Ex- family, church, teachers, media |
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Components of culture
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-Symbol
- Language -Values - Norms |
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Functionalist perspective
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Culture helps people meet their biological, instrumental, and expressive needs
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Conflict perspectives
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Ideas are a cultural creation of society. Ruling class.
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Symbolic Internationalist perspective
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People create, maintain, an modify culture during everyday activities
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Postmodern Perspective
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Much of culture today is based on simulation if reality ( what we see on tv) rather than reality itself
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Peer group
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Group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social positions, and usually smilar age
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Anticipatory socilization
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Process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles
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Social Devaluation
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A situation when a person or group is considered to have less social value then another
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Ageism
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Discrimination against older people
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Re-socialization
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learning a new attitude and just a new background
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Total institution
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(Goffman)
Set period of time when people are isolated from society, come under control from guards at institution |
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Humans two forces
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1. Heredity (nature)
2. Social environment (nurture) |
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How do we develop a self concept?
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Charles horton Cooley; looking glass self
(see ourselves through the perception of others) |
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What are the primary agents of socialization
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1. Procreating and socializing children
2. Providing emotional support 3. Assigning social position |
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Media
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1. informing us about world events
2. introducing us to a wide variety of people 3. providing an opportunity to live vicariously through other peoples experiances |
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Sociology
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Study of human society and social interaction
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Sociological imagination
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The ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society
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Auguste Comte
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The father of sociology
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Positivism
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Belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry
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Emile Durkhiem
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Societies fact rates
(acting and thinking) |
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Anomie
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Losing values and senses of purpose
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Karl Marx
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Conflict is needed
-struggle between classes |
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Class conflict
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The capitalist class vs. working class
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Max Weber
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Economic interests are important in shaping human action
-studied peoples actions |
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Double-consciousness
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Problems with being half black, half american
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Functionalist perspective
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Society is stable and we mostly have same views, and beliefs
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Feminist approach
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Women and men are equal
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Macro level analysis
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Large scale social structures and social systems
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Micro level
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Small groups
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3 functions of social society
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-Structure
-Culture -Interaction |
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Structure
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Groups, orginizations
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Culture
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Norms & values, religion
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Interaction
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How people act and react
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Primary group
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Talk about relationships, sex, everything
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Skeleton=
Flesh-= |
Structure
Culture |
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Norms-
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Standards, what is except able & unexpetable
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Deviance
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Not normal in society
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Socioligical imagination (mills)
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Understood the difference between personal and social issues/problems
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Humanism
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Tendency to work; make the world a better place
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Social critics
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What is wrong in society and how to correct it
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Theory
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Made to explain how, why, when things work
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4 major theories
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-Functionalist
-Conflict -Symbolic Interactionlist -Postmodernist |
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Rational choice/ exchange theory
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People base their actions on what they percieve to be the most effective means to their goals.
We expect returns on our investments Ex-selecting from a menu |
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Rational
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Calm, free will
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Hedonism
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pain<pleasure
-people think about what is better for them ex-break through wall < door |
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Conflict Theory:
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Power, inequity, & interests
-guides everything in society |
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Stratification:
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Seperation from power and society
ex-political= old man with white hair (society) |
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Functionalist Theory
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Each part of society contributes to the whole
People: Durkheim & Parson -everything will fix itself ex-harmony, soldarity |
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SUI Geregris
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The whole is greater the the sum of its parts
ex- when you have a broken watch it can't tell time, but put it together and it can |
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Symbolic interactiontionist perspectives
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Society is the sum of interactions of individuals & groups
ex: Written language, shared values (Ring; couples engagment) |
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Subjective Reality
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How you view the world
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Postmodern Perspectives
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Attempts to explain social life in modern societies that are characterized postindustrial, consumerism, and global communications
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Postmodern theories
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Rapid social change that occurs as societies move from modern to post modern
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Quantitative research
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Measured numarically
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Symbolic interactionist
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People assign meaning to experiences and through understanding norms, culture, and ourselves
People: Mead and Blumer Socialization: acquire our norms and values |
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Qualitative research
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No numbers, words
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Conventional Research Model
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Hypothesis: What you expect to happen
Variable: Subject to change Independent variable: Cause of relationship Dependent variable: Caused by independent Validity: Instrument accurately measures what it is suppose to |
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Research methods;
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Survey research, Analysis of existing statistical data, field research & experiments
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Survey method
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Relationship among facts
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Secondary analysis of existing data
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Look at past research from others
-content analysis: poems, diaries |
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Field research
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Watching people in their natural setting
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Participant observation
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being part of the activity
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Ethnograph
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Study by living with people for a few years
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EXPERIMENTS
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studies involving attitudes & behavior
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control group:
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Not exposed to independent varible
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correlation
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two variables are associated more frequently than could be expected by chance
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Survey research
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-Most popular
-productive & efficent PRO's: easy to compare CON's: Reduces social reality to #'s |
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Field research
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-Out talking to others
-could be hours, could be years Participant observers Unobtrusive observers: watching but not participating PRO's: Depth of understanding CON's Time consuming |
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Case studies
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Detailed reconstruction of events
-Qualitataive design PRO's: Detailed understanding of an event from numerous angles (documents, interviews) PRO's: Detailed understanding of an enent CON's: Hard to generalize from 1 case |
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Historical & comparative research
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Compares different societies at the same point and in time
(Ex- US & Germany) Ex-Divorce, crime, unemployment PRO's: Differences & Similarities come to light increasing understanding of the present CON's: Time consuming, language & cultural barriers |
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Content Analysis
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Understand how newspapers, films, song lyrics
-careful scientific examination of the social events in print PRO's: Reveals hidden agenda CON's: Interpretation of researcher must be checked by others |
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Culture:
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The ways of life of a society or group
-Values, norms, non meterial ideas, & material goods they create -language, knowledge & customs |
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Globalization
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The world getting closer to one value system
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Values defined
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Central beliefs of a culture
-Individualism/freedom |
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Meritocracy
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If you work hard & succeed you get what you deserve
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Norms
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Do's and Don'ts in society
Opposite of norm= devience |
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Informal norm=
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Folway
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High culture
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Opera, classical
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Pop culture
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Radio, high seats at a game
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Cultures vary from place to place &time to time
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Culture diversity or realitivity
ex-nude beaches in mexico..not in US |
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Relationalism
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Not making judgment towards other cultures
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Ethnocentrism
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Judging other cultures based on out own
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Subcultures
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Groups that share most same values but have unique beliefs
ex- muslums, gangs |
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Subculture examples
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-Amish
-Punk Rock |
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Counter cultures
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Dominate culture
ex- Nazi parties, hate groups, westburrow baptist church |
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Material culture
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Books, computers, guns
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Nonmaterial culture
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Influence peoples behavior
ex- language, beliefs, values |
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Cultural universals
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Happen everywhere
-Appearance(hair styles) -Activities(sports) -Social intuitions(family, religion, law) -Customary practices(Cooking, caregiving) |
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Sapir-whorf hypothesis
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Proposition that language shapes the view of reality
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Formal norms
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Laws
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Sanctions
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Rewards for appropriate or punishments for inapropriate behavior
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Folkways
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Informal norms
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Mores
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Strongly held norms; if violated serious consequences
-loss of employment |
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Taboos
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Strong mores
Violations to this could = death penalty |
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Cultural lag
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Gap between technology and society
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Subculture
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Share attribution and beliefs
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Ethnic subcultures
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Unique shared behaviors linked to common racial languages
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Cultural Relativism
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Beliefs and views from any culture must be analyzed and reviewed by own culture
-India(worship cows) |
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Culture capital theory
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High culture used to exclude the subordinate classes
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3 forms of popular culture
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1. Fads: Follow activity
-active fads: Peircing, free hugs) -personality fads: Lady gaga 2. Fashion: more widespread then fad 3.Cultural imperialism: the extensive infusion of one nations culture to another Ex- widespread english culture ino non english speaking countries |