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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Authority
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A way of knowing, proposed by Charles Peirce, in which a person develops a belief by agreeing with someone perceived to be an expert.
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A priori method
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A way of knowing, proposed by Charles Peirce, in which a person develops a belief by reasoning and reaching agreement with others who are convinced of the merits of the reasoned argument.
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Empiricism
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The process of learning things through direct observation or experience, and reflection on those experiences.
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Belief perseverance
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Unwillingness to consider any evidence that contradicts a strongly held view; similar to Peirce's principle of tendency.
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Confirmation bias
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A tendency to search out and pay special attention to information that supports one's beliefs, while ignoring information that contradicts a belief.
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Availability Heuristic
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Social cognition bias in which vivid or memorable events lead people to overestimate the frequency of occurrence of these events.
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Determinism
and Discoverability |
Events (including psychological ones) have causes.
By using agreed-upon scientific methods, these causes can be discovered, with some degree of confidence. |
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Statistical determinism
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Events can be predicted, but only with a probability greater than chance.
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Objectivity
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Said to exist when observations can be verified by more than one observer.
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Data-driven
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Belief of research psychologists that conclusions about behavior should be supported by data collected scientifically.
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Empirical question
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A question that can be answered by making objective observations.
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Falsification
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Research strategy advocated by Popper that emphasizes putting theories to the test by trying to disprove or falsify them.
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Anecdotal evidence
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Evidence from a single case that illustrates a phenomenon; when relied on exclusively, as in pseudoscience, faulty conclusions can easily be drawn.
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Effort justification
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After expending a large amount of time or effort to obtain some goal, people giving the effort feel pressured to convince themselves that the effort was worthwhile, even if the resulting outcome is less positive than originally thought.
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Description
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A goal of psychological science in which behaviors are accurately classified or sequences of environmental stimuli and behavioral events are accurately listed.
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Laws
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Regular, predictable relationships between events.
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Ethics
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A set of principles prescribing behaviors that are morally correct.
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Critical incidents
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Method, used by ethics committees, that surveys psychologists and asks for examples of unethical behavior by psychologists.
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General Principles of the APA code of Ethics
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A) Beneficence and Non-Malfeasance - weight costs and benefits
B) Fidelity and Responsibility - be aware of responsibility to society and to use highest standards of professional behavior. C) Integrity - to be scrupulously honest in all aspects of the research enterprise. D) Justice- treat everyone involved with fairness and to avoid any bias. E) Respect of Peoples' Rights and Dignity - safeguard the welfare and protect the rights of those volunteering as participants. |
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Informed consent
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The idea that persons should be given sufficient information about a study to make their decision to participate as a research subject an informed and voluntary one.
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Assent
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To give assent is to say "yes"; in the SRCD code of ethics for research with children, refers to the willingness on the part of the child to participate in the study.
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Experimental confederate
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An individual who appears to be either another subject in an experiment, but is in fact a part of the experiment and in the employ of the experimenter.
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Operationism
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Philosophy of science approach, proposed by Bridgman, that held that all scientific concepts should be defined in terms of a set of operations to be performed.
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Operational definitions
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A definition of a concept or variable in terms of precisely described operations, measures, or procedures.
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Converging operations
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Occurs when the results of several studies, each defining its terms with slightly different operational definitions, nonetheless converge on the same general conclusion.
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Serendipity
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The act of discovering something while looking for something else entirely.
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Construct
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A hypothetical factor (e.g. hunger) that cannot be observed directly but is inferred from certain behaviors (e.g. eating) and assumed to follow from certain circumstances (e.g. 24 hours without food).
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Deduction
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Reasoning from the general to the specific; in science, used when deriving research hypotheses from theories.
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Induction
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Reasoning from the specific to the general; in science, used when the results of specific research studies are used to support or refute a theory.
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Productivity
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With reference to theory, this refers to the amount of research that is generated to test a theory; theories that lead to a great deal of research are considered productive.
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Parsimonious
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Describing theory that includes the minimum number of constructs and assumptions in order to explain and predict some phenomenon adequately.
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Programs of research
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Series of interrelated studies in which the outcome of one study leads naturally to another.
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Measurement error
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Produced by any factor that introduces inaccuracies into the measurement of some variable.
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Face validity
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Occurs when a measure appears, to those taking a test, to be a reasonable measure of some trait; not considered by researchers to be an important indicator of validity.
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Criterion validity
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Form of validity in which a psychological measure is able to predict some future behavior or is meaningfully related to some other measure.
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Construct validity
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In measurement, it occurs when the measure being used accurately assesses some hypothetical construct; also refers to whether the construct itself is valid; in research, refers to whether the operational definitions used for independent and dependent variables are valid.
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Convergent validity
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Occurs when scores on a test designed to measure some construct (e.g. self-esteem) are correlated with scores on other tests that are theoretically related to the construct.
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Discriminant validity
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Occurs when scores on a test designed to measure some construct (e.g. self-esteem) are uncorrelated with scores on other tests that should be theoretically unrelated to the construct.
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