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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
memory
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Any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is out ability to store and retrieve information.
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346
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flashbulb memory
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A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
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347
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encoding
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The processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning.
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348
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storage
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The retention of encoded information over time.
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348
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retrieval
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The process of getting information out of memory storage.
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348
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sensory memory
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The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
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348
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short-term memory
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as a seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
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348
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long-term memory
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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
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348
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working memory
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A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
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348
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automatic processing
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Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned info, such as word meaning.
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351
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effortful processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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351
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rehearsal
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The conscious repetition of info, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
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351
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spacing effect
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The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better longterm retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
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353
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serial position effect
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Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
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353
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visual encoding
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The encoding of picture images.
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354
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acoustic encoding
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The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
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354
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semantic encoding
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The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.
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354
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imagery
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Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
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355
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Ebbinghaus estimated that compared with learning nonsense material, learning meaningful material required...
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one-tenth the effort.
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355
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mnemonic
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(after the Greek word for memory) memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
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356
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chunking
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Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
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357
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iconic memory
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A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture=-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
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361
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echoic memory
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A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds.
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361
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long-term potentiation (LPT)
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An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
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365
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amnesia
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The loss of memory.
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365
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implicit memory
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Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also call procedural memory)
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366
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explicit memory
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Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory)
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366
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hippocampus
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A neural center that is located in the limbic system that is responsible for processing explicit memories for storage.
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367
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Damage to the hippocampus
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Damage to the left-hippocampus cause trouble remembering verbal information, but they have no trouble recalling visual designs and locations. For those with the right-hippocampus damage, the problem is reversed.
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367
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recall
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A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in-the-blank test.
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371
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recognition
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A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
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371
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relearning
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A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
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371
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priming
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The activation of particular associations in memory, often unconscious.
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372
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state-dependent memory
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What we learn in one state-be joyful or sad, drunk or sober-is sometimes more easily recalled when we are again in that state.
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374
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mood-congruent memory
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The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood.
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375
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Daniel Schacter seven ways our memory fail us-Three sins on forgetting:
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*Absent-mindedness-inattention to details produces encoding failure (our mid is elsewhere as we lay down the car keys).
*Transience-storage decay over time (after we part ways with former classmates, unused information fades). *Blocking-inaccessibility of sored information (seeing an old classmate, we may feel the name on the tip of our tongue, but we experience retrieval failure-we cannot get it out). |
376
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Daniel Schacter seven ways our memory fail us-Three sins of distortion:
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*Misattribution-confusing the source of information (putting words in someone else's mouth or remembering a movie scene as an actual happening).
*Suggestibility-the lingering effects of misinformation (a leading question-"Did Mr. Jones touch your private parts?"-later becomes a young child's false memory). *Bias-belief colored recollecting (a friend's current feeling toward her boyfriend may color her recalled initial feelings) |
376
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Daniel Schacter seven ways our memory fail us-One sin of intrusion:
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Persistence-unwanted memories (being haunted by images of a sexual assault).
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376
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proactive interference
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The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. Ex: Past learned phone numbers getting cluster with a new learned number.
(forward-acting) |
379
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retroactive interference
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The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. Ex: Learning new names interferes with the recall of previous names already encoded.
(backward-acting) |
379
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positive transfer
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When old information encoded helps us learn new info. Like Latin to French.
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381
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repression
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In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
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381
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misinformation effect
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Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
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382
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source amnesia
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Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution) Source amnesia along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
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384
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