Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory |
ERRORS OF OMISSION: transience, absent mindedness, blocking ERRORS OF COMISSION: misattribution, bias, persistence, suggestibility |
|
DRAW A PICTURE OF BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL |
|
|
What is the effect of emotional experience on memory |
•Emotional memories are easier to recall than are factual ones •Emotions help encode and retrieve memories |
|
CREB is a(n) ________________ that switches on genes responsible for the developmentof new synapses |
Protein |
|
Define “RELEASE FROM PI” |
when going through a series of lists a change in the topic of the lists will produce a rebound (improvement) in memory performance because remembering and recalling the items on the new list will not be interfered with by the items from the prior lists(the “old information”). |
|
What brain structure was damaged to produce the memory deficit shown by HM? |
Hippocampus? |
|
Describe (using appropriate technical terms) the process of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING |
A form of associated learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic, inborn response. an example would be pavlovs dogs |
|
Describe a situation that involves NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT. Define the terms involved. |
when a child talks back to their parents they get their phone taken away, in return they don't talk back |
|
Define INSTINCTIVE DRIFT |
Learned behavior that shifts toward instinctive, unlearned behavior tendencies |
|
T or F: Hippocampal-based memory consolidation can takehours, days, or sometimes weeks |
True |
|
T or F: Emotionally-laden memories are easier to recall than non-emotional memories |
True |
|
T or F: Mnemonics work by providing memory cues, often associating to-be-learned knowledge with existing semantic structures in memory. |
True |
|
Tor F: There is a self-reference effect that leads to increasedmemory |
True |
|
BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL: central executive |
-Supervisory control -Coordinates storage areas |
|
BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL: Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad |
-Transient storage (visual/spatial) rep. -Rehearsal/generation of images |
|
BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL: Phonological Loop |
-Transient storage (verbal) rep. -Rehearsal for “inner speech” |
|
BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL: Episodic Buffer |
Transient storage of integrated events |
|
BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL: Long-Term Memory |
-Permanent store of integrated events -Permanent store of visual and verbal semantic knowledge |
|
Three Types of Memory |
•Sensory Register •Short-Term/Working •Long-Term |
|
Sensory Memory |
Holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time, usually about a half a second or less |
|
Iconic Memory |
The iconic store in vision is a discrete visual sensory register that holds more information than can be transferred to STM before the information decays. |
|
Short-Term or working memory |
working memory holds content that you are generally conscious of and can work with. |
|
Long-term Memory (LTM) |
LTM is the relatively permanent memory store in which you hold information even when you are no longer attending to it |
|
Stages of long term memory |
encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval |
|
Amnesia |
The abnormal loss of material from LTM or the failure to transfer it from STM to LTM. |
|
Difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia |
retrograde is memory loss before a traumatic event and anterograde is after |
|
where is long term memory stored in the brain |
Vision → Occipital lobes Hearing → Temporal lobes Touch → Parietal lobes |
|
Hebb’s Law |
Long-term potentiation (LTP) •Strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron |
|
Operant Conditioning |
Law of effect •Consequences of a behavior increase (or decrease) the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
|
Pavlovian Conditioning |
involves just pairing stimuli (or reinforcement/ punishing event) |
|
Continuous reinforcement |
Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs |
|
Intermittent reinforcement |
Reinforcement of a behavior – but not after every response |
|
Fixed ratio (FR) |
Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses |
|
Variable ratio (VR) |
Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes |
|
Fixed interval (FI) |
Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed |
|
Variable interval (VI) |
Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed |
|
Social Learning Theory |
Kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others |
|
what is language |
Open and symbolic communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas |
|
what is the learning-theory approach |
that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning (includes imitation / modeling ) |
|
what is Wernicke’s area associated with? |
speech comprehension. Damage to this cortical region leaves patients unable to understand written or spoken speech |
|
what is Broca’s area associated with? |
production of speech. Damage to this area leaves patients with the ability to comprehend speech, but not to express themselves in words or sentences. |
|
three things Bilingualism is positive for? |
•Bilingualism enhances cognitive processing •Bilingualism enhances metacognition •Bilinguals have a lower rate of dementia in theelderly |
|
what is Critical Thinking |
is the ability to analyze facts, generate and organize ideas, defend opinions, make comparisons, draw inferences, evaluate arguments, and solve problems |
|
what is he Semantic Network |
A complex web ofsemantic associations that link items in memory such that retrieving one item triggers the retrieval of others as well |
|
what is Representative heuristic |
Estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event |
|
what is Availability heuristic |
Make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness |
|
Suppose you met a person that could remember things well before she had surgery but who was no incapable of forming new long term memories. what part of their brain was most likely affected by the surgery? |
hippocampus |
|
the brief traces of a touch or a smell left by the firing of neurons in the brain are examples of |
sensory memory |
|
how kind of memory do we use to keep someones phone number in mind right after we've learned it? |
working memory |
|
what type of memory allows us to perform skills, such as tying our shoes, automatically after we've mastered them? |
procedural memory |
|
for sensory input to make the transition from sensory memory to short term memory to long term memory, it must go through which of the four stages? |
encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval |
|
when we actively try to recall information, especially words, from long term memory, we use the |
prefrontal cortex |
|
rehearsal makes memories stick. sod does... |
emotion |
|
neurons that _____ together, _____ together |
fire, wire |
|
one sea slug had frequent and closely-spaced-in-time puffs of air administrated to it. another had frequent puffs but they were not closely spaced. yet another slug had one puff administered to it. Which one is mostly likely to remember this aversive event? |
the one with the frequent and closely spaces air puffs |
|
For which of the following is there at least some scientific evidence that it can enhance memory? |
caffeine, ginkgo biloba, and drugs that enhance CREB |
|
Sofia is fluent in Spanish and is now trying to learn French. Much of it comes easy to her, yet she keeps forgetting some french words that aren't event relevant to Spanish. this kind of forgetting is? |
proactive interference |
|
The fast that changing the wording of a question impacts people recall of events illustrates which kind of forgetting? |
suggestibility |
|
Gwendolyn is 29 years old and is now convinced that she was abused as a child. from the time she was 9 until she was 28, however, she had no recollection of this abuse. what would this be called? |
recovered memory |
|
John was in a car accident. its now been a month since, and he can't remember the following 2 days after the accident... this is called? |
anterograde amnesia |
|
What is the best example of learning? |
Ten year old jerry can snow board down the mountain after practice for a week |
|
Linda always uses a can opener to open her cats food, her cats Bell and scooter run to the kitchen overtime linda opens the drawer that the can opener is in... what is this called? |
the cats made an association between the drawer and being fed |
|
a rat presses a lever which results in food coming out, the rat then presses the lever more frequently... this is an example of |
reinforcement |
|
in a typical classical conditioning experiment, a neutral stimulus is |
repeatedly paired with the UCS |
|
a reinforcer is anything that _____; a punisher is anything that _____ |
makes behavior more likely, makes behavior less likely |
|
With a slot machine you could win on the first try or it could take you many times to win; causing someone to spend a lot of money... this payout schedule is what kind of schedule of reinforcement? |
variable ratio |
|
Barbara just started a new job and she watches how her colleagues dress and act. this type of learning is? |
observational learning |
|
the major findings from Banduras bobo doll experiment were... |
children learn to be aggressive by watching other be aggressive, and also the same sex being aggressive |
|
research generally shows that children |
are likely to be aggressive after watch aggressive actions on tv or in movies |
|
Because Konrad Lorenz was the first nd only animal baby geese knew for the first few weeks of their lives, they thought lorenz what their "mother" what is this association known as? |
imprinting |
|
what biological structures or systems best explain why we cry along with characters in a sad movie? |
mirror neurons |
|
research on learning and the brain has shown that rats raised in impoverished environments.... |
learn more slowly and have fewer neurons and synaptic connections as rats raised in enriched environments |
|
a languages rules for arranging words and symbols in a sentence or parts of a sentence is called |
syntax |
|
during which stage of language development do babies make many more sounds then they hear in their native language? |
babbling |
|
according to skinner, children learn to speak a particular language because... |
they get reinforcement from their parents for various utterances |
|
which theory of language argues that, if their are no words for certain objects or concepts in ones language, one is unable to think about those objects or concepts? |
linguistic determination hypothesis |
|
structures in the mind- such as an idea or image- that stand for something else, such as an external object or thing, are known as |
mental representations |
|
which of the following would be considered a prototype for fruit |
apple |
|
when we reason from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions, we are engaging in... |
deductive reasoning |
|
what distinguishes scientific thinking form non scientific thinking |
ability to separate belief from evidence |
|
____ are mental shortcuts for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgements |
heuristic |
|
which of the following make people believe they are more likely to die in a plane crash than a car crash |
the availability heuristic |