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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Memory walk
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- Way of remembering a sequence by first memorizing a location
- Placing elements to be remembered along the walk |
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Memory research seeks to understand..
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How memory works
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The 3 steps of memory
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(1) Encoding
(2) Storage (3) Retrieval |
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Elaboration
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Degree in which information is specified and relatd to other info in memory
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Construction
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Creation of a new story from an original story
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Bartlett proposed memories were what?
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Memories are reconstructed with bits and pieces while we make up the rest
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Encoding
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Records experiences, thoughts, and feelings (mostly what we pay attention to)
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Sensory memory
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Holds SENSORY information for a short time after the stimulus causing the sensation is removed
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Short term memory
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Stores and processes for a few seconds
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Long term memory
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Experiences and skills acquired over lifetime
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Declarative memory
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Recall facts and events
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Procedural memory
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Execution of well-learned skills
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Role of Hippocampus in memory
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- Think of it as a librarian / index
- Knows the 'how' and 'where' |
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Role of cerebral cortex in memory
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Parts of the cortex store different kinds of information
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Elaborative encoding
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Actively relating new information to previous knowledge
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How are some people able to remember large lists of information?
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They use a chunking system by categorizing information by relationship
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A waiter organizing orders by category is called __.
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conscious coding
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Mnemonics
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Memory 'tricks'
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Memory
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Ability to use or reproduce knowledge, skills or behaviors learned in the past
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How can the effect of encoding be unintentional?
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As a child you always remember your mom putting out vanilla candles. When you're in someone else's house and they have this candle, it calls up a childhood memory.
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Method of loci is also known as
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Memory walk
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How a memory is __ affects how it is stored and retrieved.
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encoded
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Storage
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Maintenance of information over time
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3 main types of memory STORAGE
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(1) Sensory
(2) Short-term (3) Long-term |
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Auditory memory
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- Form of sensory memory
- Sounds that have just been perceived |
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Visual memory
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- Sensory memory
- Visual image that has just been perceived |
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Short-term storage
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Holds information long enough to accomplish purpose of information
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Long-term storage
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Storage of information is for a permanent or near-permanent basis
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Working memory + example
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Active maintenance of info in short-term storage
Ex: Trying to remember a phone number - you repeat it |
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Maintenance rehearsal
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Repetition of information
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Phonological short term memory
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- Type of WORKING MEMORY
- For VERBAL information |
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Phonological memory stores information about __.
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sounds
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You are asked to remember a list of words. What do you remember?
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You will remember a lot from the beginning and end, but little to none in the middle.
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Primacy effect
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Tendency to recall earlier information in a series of info
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Recency effect
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Tendency to recall later information in a series of info
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Span tasks m___ information; you keep it in m___.
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maintain
mind |
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Visual short-term memory
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- Type of working memory
- Stores non-verbal VISUAL information - Small capacity of about 4 visuals |
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Long-term memory stores information for how long?
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Up to hours, days, weeks, and years
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Explicit memory + example
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- Memory that can be described verbally
- Person is fully aware Ex: facts you now and experiences |
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Implicit memory + memory
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- Memory that cannot be described verbally
- Person is completely/partially unaware Ex: Being asked how to skate |
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Procedural memory is an (implicit/explicit) memory.
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implicit memory
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Priming
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Change in reaction time b/c of prior presentation of related stimulus
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Episodic memory
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- Long-term memory of life experiences
- Associated with a TIME and PLACE |
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Remembering that your father's birthday is on May 25 is what type of memory?
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Semantic memory - recalls a fact
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Semantic memory
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Long-term memory of facts and data
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Remembering that you walked on the sidewalk by the bridge on Friday is what type of memory?
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Episodic - it incorporates time and place
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2 ways memory is strengthened
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(1) Repetition
(2) Connections |
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Are semantic and episodic memories implicit or explicit?
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EXPLICIT - you know you have them and you consciously retrieve them + you can verbalize them
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Anterograde amnesia
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Disorder caused by BRAIN DAMAGE tha disrupts a person's ability to form new long-term memories AFTER the event of brain damage
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The hippocampus is necessary for memory __ and __ for a ___ time after learning.
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retrieval
storage short |
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How are explicit and implicit memory maintained?
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They are supported by different brain structure
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Retrograde amnesia
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Disorder caused by brain damage that disrupts person'a ability to remember events from BEFORE the brain damage
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True or False
The hippocampus stores all memory and information. |
False - memory depends on different parts of the brain
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Retrieval
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Allows us to access a memory that we need
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How is the organization of long-term and short-term different?
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Long-term memory is organized like a library because it is categorized.
Short-term memory is not organized. |
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Recall
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Bringing something to mind without hints or cues
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Recognition
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Being presented with information you have previously preceived
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Encoding specificity principle
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Recall will be best if the CUES from when you first learned it are there when you recall the information
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Context-dependent memory
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If your environment where you are recalling info matches the environment you were in when you were encoding the information
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Transience
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- Occurs between encoding and retrieval
- LOSS of info from memory as time passes |
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Divided attention in the context of memory
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How well people can remember information while doing something else
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Prospective memory + example
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Remembering plans you have to do in the future
Ex: Doing laundry at 7 o'clock |
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Having a mental to-do list is an example of..
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Prospective memory
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Blocking
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- Failure to retrieve information from long-term memory
- TIP OF THE TONGUE |
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Misattribution + example
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Assigning a memory to the incorrect SOURCE
Ex: Passing by a person thinking they are from your work when it's really the cashier at your fave restaurant |
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Source memory + example
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Recalling where information you remember came from
Ex: Not being sure who told you a secret |
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Destination memory + example
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Recalling to whom you have given information
Ex: Telling someone a joke when you've told them the joke before |
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Name 2 types of misattribution errors
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(1) Source memory
(2) Destination memory |
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False memories of child abuse can sometimes be the product of ___ by adults.
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social pressure
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Social pressure
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Pressure to behave a certain way based on people's expectations
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Bias supports that memory is a(n) __.
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construction
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Bias
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Beliefs on what we remember
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Flashbulb memory
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Memory established by emotional + personal events
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