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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. What is another name for the flowering plants?
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Angiosperms
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2. Name 5 apomorphies of the flowering plants.
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1. Flowers
2. Carpels 3. Fruits 4. Double fertilization with triploid endosperm 5. Specialized conductive cells |
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3. What is the definition of a flower?
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A shoot system bearing modified leaves!
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4. Name all the components of a flower.
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Perianth
Calyx (sepals) - green, protective Corolla (petals) - colored, attractant Stamens - male Carpels - female |
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5. How are most angiosperms pollinated? How does this differ from gymnosperms?
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Through animal pollination
Gymnosperms are wind pollinated |
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6. Is animal pollination derived or ancestral for the angiosperms as a whole? Why was it an adaptation?
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It was ancestral. It was an adaptation because it’s the most efficient means of transferring pollen.
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7. What are the two "strategies" of animal pollination?
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To -attract- the animal and then to -reward- it.
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8. What are two types of "attractants" involved in pollination?
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Visual: large or brightly colored perianth
Olfactory (smell): sweet or rotten (fetid) odor |
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9. What is the typical reward?
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Usually nectar or pollen
(Rarely waxes, oils) |
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10. Name some animals that pollinate flowers.
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Insects
-Bees -Butterflies/Moths -Flies Birds Bats |
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11. Define the term "carpel."
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conduplicate megasporophyll
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12. What is a gynoecium? pistil?
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Gynoecium = all female parts
Pistil = ovary + style + stigma Pistil can be one carpel or many |
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13. What is the adaptive function of a carpel?
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1. Protects young seeds
2. Site of pollen germination - Can induce self-incompatibility reactions 3. Fruits |
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14. What does "self-incompatibility" mean?
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- Pollen will not germinate on genetically similar individuals
- Promotes outcrossing |
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15. What is the definition of a fruit and what is its function?
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Fruit = mature ovary
(plus accessory parts) Function: seed dispersal |
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16. What are the two major types of fruits and how do they differ with respect to seed dispersal?
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dry
- dispersed mechanically, by wind, water, etc. fleshy - dispersed by animals |
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17. What does double fertilization mean?
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Pollen produces 2 sperm cells
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18. What is the name of each of the two products of double fertilization?
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sperm (n) + egg (n) ----> zygote (2n)
sperm (n) + 2 polar nuclei (n) ----> endosperm (3n) |
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19. What is the possible adaptive significance of triploid endosperm?
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Extra set of genes may help in:
1) rapid development 2) increase genetic variation |
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20. Contrast gymnosperms and angiosperms with regard to the time period between pollination and fertilization.
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Gymnosperms:
- Fertilization occurs long after pollination Angiosperms: - Fertilization occurs soon after pollination |
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21. How might angiosperms be better adapted with regard to the above?
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The seeds are produced more rapidly in Angiosperms (29/44)
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22. Name the specialized water conductive cells of almost all angiosperms and how these differ from those of gymnosperms.
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Most Angiosperms have vessels - Specialized in having perforation plates
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23. Name the specialized sugar conductive cells of all angiosperms and how these differ from those of gymnosperms.
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All Angiosperms have sieve tube members - with sieve plates: bigger pores in end walls
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24. Why are angiosperms no longer classified into "dicots" and "moncots?"
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Dicots are a paraphyletic group; features are primitive not apomorphies -
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25. Name the three major apomorphies of the monocots.
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1 cotyledon
stem an -atactostele- parallel venation |
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26. Name some common, everyday monocots.
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Palms
Orchids Irises Grasses, etc. |
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27. What apomorphy unites the Eudicots? How does this feature contrast with all other Angiosperms (and seed plants)?
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Pollen tricolpate - 3 apertures
All other Angiosperm pollen has 1 aperture |
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28. Name some common Eudicots.
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Roses
Legumes Daisies Oaks, etc. |