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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
According to social cognitive theory, the process of reciprocal determinism suggests that |
People influence their environments. & Environments influence people. |
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_______ refers to what people think will happen, whereas _______ refer to what people thinkshould happen. |
Expectancies
Standards |
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A ___________ is a criterion for judging the goodness or worth of a person or thing. |
Evaluative Standard |
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A central idea of the CAPS model is that |
Variability in behavior is an important aspect of personality. |
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According to Kelly, a construct is a |
Way of interpreting events. |
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If an anticipated event does not occur the person |
May develop a new construct. May loosen a construct. May reorganize the construct system. |
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___________ goals involve showing to others how much ability you have. |
Performance |
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According to Beck's model of depression |
The cognitive triad causes depression. |
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The basic assumption of the trait point of view is that |
People possess broad predispositions to respond. |
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According to Allport, which of the following represent the least conspicuous and generalized dispositions? |
Secondary traits. |
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The following theorists use factor analysis in their research efforts |
Eysenck and Cattell. |
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Introverts are |
Restrained Easily aroused by events Inhibited |
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Five-factor model is to NEO-PI as |
Cattell is to 16 PF. |
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The fundamental lexical hypothesis suggests that people |
Encode into language important individual differences. |
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According to McCrae and Costa, the Big Five have |
A biological basis |
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According to the Five-Factor Model, personality disorders are best understood as |
Extremes of traits |
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The concept of temperament refers to individual differences in |
Quality of emotional response |
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Kagan improved on early temperament research in his use of |
Objective measures |
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According to Buss, evolved psychological mechanisms |
May not fit current living conditions |
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The basis for a link between trait theory and biology comes from |
Physiological studies. Genetic research Evolutionary theory. |
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It can be suggested that if two individuals are identical genetically... |
Differences between them must be due to theenvironment. |
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Research to date suggests |
No one-to-one biology-personality trait correspondence. |
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In terms of his view of people, Rogers |
Emphasizes positive tendencies |
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According to the phenomenological position |
It contains chiefly conscious perceptions. |
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Stephenson developed the |
Q-sort technique |
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According to Rogers, a discrepancy between perceived self and experience leads to a state of |
Incongruence |
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The phenomenal approach emphasizes how |
People view themselves & the world around them |
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The concept most relevant to Rogers' views concerning therapy is |
Therapeutic environment. |
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The ability of the therapist to comprehend the phenomenal field of the patient is associatedwith the concept of |
Empathic understanding |
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The concept of a hierarchy of needs was developed by |
Maslow |
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According to the text, many psychologists with a behavioral orientation are turning to anemphasis on _________ in behavior and on minimizing the importance of individual differencesin personality. |
Situational specificity |
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The learning theory approach to psychology tends to emphasize the _______ approach toresearch. |
Experimental |
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Watson's work with conditioning a fear response to furry objects with Little Albert is an example of the potential for _________ conditioning to play a considerable role in thedevelopment of certain types of pathology |
Classical |
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The benefit of using Aplysia to study the neural and biochemical processes that allow forclassical conditioning in simple organisms is that: |
They have few nerve cells and so we can observe cell-by-cell changes that occur duringconditioning |
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Skinner called emitted responses |
Operants |
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The concept of schedules of reinforcement relates to |
Rates and intervals |
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The learning theory account for psychotherapy is that individuals are not mentally sick, butrather |
They have failed to learn a response or they have learned a maladaptive response. |
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Anthony’s feelings of shame and anger are banished to his unconscious mind. Sharon consciously decides to push her anxious feelings away so that she can concentrate on her school work. According toFreud, Anthony’s case represents , while Sharon’s case represents . |
Repression; Suppression |
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A recommended strategy for reducing likelihood of a response set in assessment is |
Use of a forced-choice format |
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According to Freud, aggression |
Is an innate human instinct |
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According to discussion in the textbook, the fact that there are ____ theories of personality makes it_______ likely that the researchers will face findings and theoretical arguments that challenge theirfavored view. |
Many; More |
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Primary process thinking : ID As Secondary process thinking : ______ |
Ego |
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The ego strength resulting from optimal resolution of Erikson’s stage of Ego Integrity vs. Despair is: |
Wisdom |
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In general, ________ is concerned with whether a test measures what it is intended to measure. |
Validity |
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Ratings of an individual made by parents, friends, or teachers are an example of _____ data. |
O-data |