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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Atrophy means...
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a decrease in size AND number
hypertrophy means only size |
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mechanism of decrease in cell size during atrophy
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ubiquitin-proteosome pathway
autophagy by lysosomal enzymes fusing with cellular components packages in vacuoles |
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Epithelium-- 3 broad categories
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Squamous Cell Epithelium
--> keratinizing/non-keratinizing Columnar Epithelium --> ciliated? Transitional --> really only the bladder lined with this |
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normal esophageal lining?
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nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium
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barrett's esophagus
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nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium metaplasia to
nonciliated, mucin producing columnar cells |
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Metaplasia is
reversible? irreversible? |
reversible
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What type of metaplasia does not increase risk of breast cancer
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Apocrine metaplasia of the breast
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What symptoms does Vitamin A deficiency present with?
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Vitamin A necessary for differentiation of specialized epithelial surfaces such as the conjunctiva covering the eye, thus deficiency can lead to
keratomalacia or stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium |
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What can happen after trauma to muscle?
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Myositis ossificans
metaplasia of muscle to bone during healing after trauma |
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fibromuscular dysplasia
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Most commonly affects renal artery and carotid artery
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Most common cause of Budd-Chiari syndrome
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Polycythemia Vera
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Causes of Ischemia
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Decreased arterial perfusion, blocked venous drainage, Shock--generalized hypotension resulting in poor perfusion
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Describe the path of oxygen to tissue using lab values
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FiO2 --> PAO2 --> PaO2 --> SaO2
pressure of oxygen in air --> pressure of oxygen in alveoli --> pressure of oxygen in blood --> saturation of hemoglobin |
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Lab values in hypoventilation
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Increased CO2 causes decreased O2 which means O2 sats go down
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Lab values in diffusion defect
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PAO2, that is alveolar PO2 normal but it can't diffuse across membrane, so PaO2 goes down, and SaO2 goes down
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Cherry red appearance of skin, headache
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CO poisoning, causes a leftward shift in the curve, making oxygen harder to unload. Also
reduces SaO2 PaO2 normal Also inhibits Cytochromes in electron transport. |
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Chocolate colored blood with cyanosis. lab values? treatment?
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Methemoglobinemia
PaO2 normal SaO2 decreased Iron oxidized to Fe+3 and cannot bind oxygen. Seen with OXIDANT STRESS such as nitryl or sulfa drugs. TREATMENT: Methylene blue, which catalyzes natural reduction of methemoglobin reductase by offering an electron acceptor |
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Describe pathophys of low ATP
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1.) disruption of ATP pump leads to Na+ influx into cell
2.) Ca+2 pump needs ATP so influx of Ca+2 as well 3.) Ca+2 activates enzymes 4.) Anaerobic glycolysis causes lactic acid buildup which lowers pH and precipitates DNA |
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Hallmark of reversible injury and what it leads to
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Cellular Swelling
1.) loss of microvilli 2.) cellular blebbing 3.) ribosomes fall off rough ER causing decreased protein synthesis |
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Hallmark of irreversible damage is?
what is leads to... |
Membrane damage
1.) allows enzymes to leak into the serum(cardiac troponin after MI/necrosis) 2.) more calcium enters cell 3.) mitochondrial membrane damage breaks electron transport 4.) that same mitochondrial membrane damage allows cytochrome c to leak out which activates apoptosis 5.) lysosomal membrane damage allows hydrolytic enzymes to leak into cell and wreak havoc |
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Coagulative necrosis
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loss of nucleus but cell shape and organ structures are preserved by coagulation of proteins. In other words, necrotic tissue that remains firm.
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What are the macrophages of the CNS
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microglial cells
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Acute inflammation can be caused by...
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infection OR necrosis
neutrophil count will increase in both |
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Which organs have white infarcts?
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Heart, Kidney, Spleen
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Which organs have red infarcts?
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lungs, liver, testes, ovaries, gut
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most common necrosis in lower limb ischemia
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gangrenous. if superimposed infection occurs can be liquefactive as well(wet gangrene)
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necrosis associated with Pancreatitis
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liquefactive necrosis in pancreas parenchyma and fat necrosis in peripancreatic fat
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Dystrophic calcification
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[Ca+2] normal
example: psammoma bodies. Bicuspid aortic valves have dystrophic calcification |
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Metastatic calcification
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[Ca+2] increased, PTH increased, [PO4-3] increased
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what is fibrinoid necrosis
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necrotic damage to blood vessel wall causes leaking of proteins into vessel wall(including fibrin)
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necrosis associated with hypertension or vasculitis
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fibrinoid necrosis
common example is fibrinoid necrosis of placenta secondary to high Bp due to pre-eclampsia |
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Malignant hypertension can cause what?
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fibrinoid necrosis of blood vessels
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Apoptosis activation -- intrinsic mitochondrial pathway
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cellular or DNA damage or loss of hormonal stimulation can cause inactivation of Bcl2
Inactivation of Bcl2 --> leakage of cytochrome c from inner mitochondrial membrane into cytoplasm --> cytochrome c activates caspases in cytoplasm --> caspases activate proteases that wreak havoc, in an orderly fashion |
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Apoptosis activation -- extrinsic receptor-ligand pathway
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FAS ligand binds FAS death receptor(CD95) on target cell, activating caspases
example: negative T-cell selection in Thymus ORRRRR TNF binds TNF receptor on target cell activating caspases |
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What receptor is the FAS death receptor?
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CD95
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Apoptosis activation -- Cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell mediated pathway
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Perforins secreted by CD8 make pores in membrane
Granzyme enters pores and activates caspase example: CD8+ kills virally infected cells |
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Which is the worst free radical? How is it made?
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Hydroxyl free radical
it is created by IONIZING radiation |
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Describe pathway of bleach creation
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O2 --> O2- free radical --> H2O2 --> HOCl
Oxygen is turned into a free radical by NADPH oxidase. Called oxidative burst! Oxygen free radical is reduces to hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase Hydrogen peroxide is turned into bleach, HOCl, by myeloperoxidase |
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Chronic Granulomatous Disease
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deficiency in NADPH oxidase. However if extrinsic hydrogen peroxide provided, MPO can make bleach and be bacterial. Thus catalase positive organisms are particularly dangerous to these people.
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NBT dye is for what?
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oxidative burst! or...
O2 --> O2 free radical catalyzed by NADPH oxidase |
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MPO deficiency
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These people will respond to NBT dye test. But they cannot make HOCl(bleach) because of defective MPO and thus are susceptible to chronic infection.
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