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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 2 exceptions of the ending in __oma NOT being benign?
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Melanoma
Lymphoma |
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Is a melanoma benign?
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NO!
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is lymphoma benign?
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negatron
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What is dysplasia?
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some argue it is early neo plastic tissue or pre-neoplastic tissue
either way, it is tissue that has unusual morphology or expression of the genome does not have autonomous growth |
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There is a common naming system for tumor staging, what is it?
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TNM (Tumor, Nodal Status, Metastasis)
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WHITE TEXT:
When doing the T stage of the TNM staging, what are the levels? |
T1-T4 (can have T1a, etc)
Size of tumor and the extent of its growth |
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WHITE TEXT
Nodal Status, what are the grades? |
N1-3
Presence and extent of lymph node metastasis note you can have N0 where there is no metastasis |
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WHITE TEXT
What is the M in the TNM grading scale? What does it show? |
Metastasis
M0-M1 Presence of distant metastasis |
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What are the three basic modalities of cancer intervention?
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Surgery: remove cells
Radiation: kill cancer cells (will kill all cells though) Chemotherapy: Kill cancer cell |
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What is brachytherapy, what is it used for?
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you have synthetic radiation beads, that can target just a specific area
they are used for prostate cancer |
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What type of cells does chemotherapy target? (this is the idea from Tumor Growth Fraction and Chemotherapy slide)
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target cells that are actively dividing, so the more that are dividing, the more effective the chemo
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What is the basic pathway of tumorigenesis?
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non-lethal genetic damage-->altered gene expression-->altered proteins-->altered structure/function
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is there such a thing as a cancer gene?
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not really, more just altered function of normal genes
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Proto-oncogenes are what?
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growth promoting genes (normally promote growth of some regular cell in body)
but can get gain of function, leading to growth of cancer |
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what are tumor suppressor genes?
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Growth inhibiting
if you have loss of function, then the tumor can grow like wildfire |
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what are oncogenes?
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altered proto-oncogenes
Mutated; amplified; placed under abnormal transcriptional control (e.g., chromosomal translocations) --> “gain of function” |
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What are some of the things oncogenes code for (5)
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Growth factors
Cell surface receptors (for growth factors) c-ret (MEN); c-kit (GIST) Intracellular signal transduction pathways Ras: most frequent dominant mutation in cancers Transcription factors Cell cycle proteins |
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what are c-ret (MEN); c-kit (GIST)
c-kit WILL BE ON TEST!!! |
Cell surface receptors (for growth factors)
GIST-gastro intestinal stromal tumor these are 2 things that onco-genes code for, will lead to cancer yo |
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what is the most frequent dominant mutation in cancer?
***probably on test |
Ras
Intracellular signal transduction pathways (note: P53 is the next most common) |
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What is the Rb gene?
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Loss of function gene
(retinoblastoma gene product) Guards a critical point in the cell cycle Loss of function leads to unregulated cell proliferation |
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What is the p53 gene family?
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Principle mediator of growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis (“molecular police” or “guardian of the genome”)
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In HPV, what viral product promotes the degradation of p53? what is the importance of this
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E6
leads to loss of tumor suppression |
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What is Li Fraumeni syndrome?
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germline mutation in p53 with predisposition of cancers of multiple organs
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Overexpression of Bcl2 does what?
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extends cell survival and permits proliferation
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Follicular lymphoma is caused by?
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~85% have chromosomal translocation that places Bcl2 under transcriptional control of Ig heavy chain promoter: t(14;18)
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What are "caretaker genes"
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Errors in DNA synthesis occur – it is a fact of life
Lack of absolute fidelity of DNA replication process Environmental mutagens Mutation in DNA repair genes leads to “mutation phenotype” – cells prone to more mutations Mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2) in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) BRCA-1, BRCA-2 genes in breast and ovarian cancers |
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What are MLH1, MSH2?
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they are mismatch repair genes
fix errors in the DNA, and can be damaged leading to cancer |
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Problems with MLH1, MSH2 lead to what?
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hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)
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What do BRCA genes do? what are they associated with?
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mismatch repair genes
associated with breast and ovarian cancer |
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what is HER-2?
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human epidermal growth factor gene
seen in breast cancer |