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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neoplasia
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Cells out of control dividing rapidly
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Dysplasia
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Disordered growth, not necessarily pre-cancerous
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Metastasis
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Secondary Tumour, distant from original site
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Cancer also known as
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Neoplasia
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Contact Inhibition
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When cells stop dividing when surrounded by like cells.
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Anaplasia
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When cells lose functional speciality, and appear less like cells of origin
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Tumour Definition
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A tumour (neoplasm) is a lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively Autonoumous abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed.
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Neoplastic Cells
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Are any nucleated cell in the body which has undergone neoplastic transformation
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Solid Tumours consist of:
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Neoplastic cells and stroma.
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Stroma
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A connective tissue framework which neoplastic cells are embedded in which acts as a mechanical support and provides nutrition.
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Desmoplastic Reaction
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The process of stroma formation
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Growth of a tumour is dependant on:
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Blood Vessels of the stroma, without which the tumor cannot grow due to a lack of nutrients.
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Clinical problems of Benign Tumours
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Pressure on adjacent cells, obstrution to the flow of fluid, hormone production, transformation into malignant neoplasm.
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Metastasis
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The process of malignant neoplasms penetrating the walls of blood vessels and lymphatic channels and disseminating to other regions
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Metastases
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The resulting secondary tumour after the original neoplams has undergone metastasis.
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Carcinomatases
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Patients with widespread metastases
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Histogenisis
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The specific cell of origin of an individual tumour
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Well differentiated Tumours
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Closely resemble parent tissue
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Poorly Differentiated
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Does not closely resemble parent tissue
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Malignant Tumour grades
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Grade 1- Well differentiated
Grade 2- Intermediate differentiated Grade 3- Poorly Differentiated |
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Anaplasic
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Tumours which defy precise histogenic classification
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Sarcomas
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Malignant Connective tissue tumours
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Carcinomas
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Malignant epithelial tumours
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Benign epithelial tumours are either:
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Papillomas or adenomas
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The suffix of all tumours
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-oma
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Adenocarcinoma
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A malignant tumour of glandular epitherlium, followed by the name of the tissue of origin. i.e Adenocarcinoma of the breast.
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Carcinoma In Situ
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An epithelial neoplasm exhibiting all the cellular features associated with malignancy, but which has not yet invaded through the epithelial basement membrane separating it from potenital routes of metastasis
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Teratoma
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A neoplsam formed of cells representing all three germ cell layers: ectoderm, mesoferm and endoderm. Benign types may contain teeth and hair.
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Blastoma
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A type of tumour that occur excluseively in the very young, "Kids Cancer" They bear a histological resemblance to the embryonic form of the organ in which they arise.
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Neuroendocrine Tumours
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Derived from peptide hormone secreting cells
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Aneuploidy
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Inexact multiples of DNA per cell in neoplasms
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Polyploidy
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Exact multiples of DNA of the diploid state, per cell in neoplasms
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Necrosis
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Death of tissues from lack of oxygen or nutients from lack of blood flow
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Arthermia
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Accumulation of swelling in artery walls make up of cells or cell debris which create plaque
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Carcinogenisis
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The mechanism by which cancer causing agents result in the development of tumours
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Infarction
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The process of tissue death (necrosis) caused by the blockage of a blood vessel in another part of the body
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Ischaemia
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A restriction of blood supply to am organ
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Hyperplasia
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A growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the NUMBER of cells
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Hypertrophy
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A growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the SIZE of cells
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Embolus
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Fluid or Solid mass, mobile within a blood vessel, capable of blocking it's lumen.
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Complement
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Collective noun for a set of blood proteins that, when activated in cascade by, for example antigen-antibody reaction, has various effects including leukocyte chemotaxis and cell lysis
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Chemotaxis
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Migration of cells induced by some chemical influence such as complement components and causing accumulation of leukocuyes in inflamed tissues
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Apoptosis
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A form of normal or pathological individual cell death characterised by activation of endogenous endonucleases
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Causes of inflammation
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Microorganisms- eg bacteria, viruses
Immuune Reactions- eg hypersensitive reactions by parasites Phyisical factors- eg trauma, iomising radiation, UV light, heat (burns, fever), cold- excessive cooling (frostbite) Chemical Factors- eg corrosives, acids, alkalines, bacterial toxins Dead Tissue (necrosis)- eg ischamemic infarction |
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Vascular Component of Tissue Injury in Inflammation
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Dialation of Vessels
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Exudative Component of Tissue Injury in Inflammation
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Vascular leakage of protien rich fluid
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Neutrophil Polymorph
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Characteristic cell recruited to the tissue
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Suffix of Inflammation
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-itis
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Exotoxins
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A substance that Bacteria release which initiate inflammation
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Hypersensitve Reactions
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Hypersensitve Reactions
Occur when an altered state of immunological responsiveness causes an innappropriate or excessive immune reaction that damages the tissues. |
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Hyperaemia
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Increased blood flow through a region
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Pain in Inflammation
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Caused by stretching and distortion of tissues by inflammatory oedema. Chemical mediators include
bradykinin, prostoglandis and serotonin, |
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Chemical Mediators of Pain
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Bradykinin, prostoglandia, serotonin.
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What accumulates in exctracellular spaces in early processes of Inflammation?
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Odema, fluid, fibrin and neutrophil polumorphs
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Acute Inflammation involves what three processes?
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-Changes in vessel calibre and consequently flow
-Increased Vascular Permeability and formation of the fluid exodate -Formation of the cellular exudate- emmigration of the neutrophil polumorphs into extravascular space |
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Essential macroscopic appearances of acute inflammation and their causes:
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Redness- dialation of small blood vessels within damaged area
Heat- Only in peripheral regions i.e. skin, due to hyperaemia (increased blood flow) due to vascular dialatoin Swelling- Caused by Oedema (accumulation of fluid in extravascular space as part of the fliod exudate), and to a lesser extent physical mass of inflam. cells murgating to the area Pain- Stretching and distortion of tissues due to inflam oedema. Chemicals include Bradykini, Prostoglandia, Serotonin Loss of Function- Consiously and reflexly inhibited by pain, and severe swelling may physically immobilise the tissues. |
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Pavementing of Neutrophils
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The process of adhesion of Neutrophils to the vascular endothelium at sites of acute inflammation
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Phagocytosis
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The process whereby cells (such as neutrophil polymorphs and macrophages) ingest solid particles
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