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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Universal donors |
Type O |
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Universal recipients |
Type AB |
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Erythrocyetes |
RBC red blood cells |
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__________ or PCV (packed cell volume) is the volume present of RBC's whole blood |
Hematocrit |
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Hematocrit: Adult males: Adult women: |
42-54% males
38-46% women |
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Reduced hematocrit= |
Anemia |
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Elevated hematocrit= |
Polycythemia |
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Cause a reduction in oxygen transports due to *Decreased__________ *Decreased__________ |
Anemias Hemoglobin Erythrocytes |
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Oxygen deficit in Anemia leads to a sequence of events: |
*Less cell energy produced *Metabolism and reproduction diminished *Mechanisms try to compensate for lack of O2 -Tachycardia - Vasoconstriction |
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Iron Deficiency Anemia may occur due to |
*Insufficient dietary intake * Chronic blood loss *Impaired iron absorption (malabsorption) in the intestines *Severe liver disease |
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5-10% ingested iron is absorbed |
dietary intake |
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from ulcer, cancer, menstruation, etc. |
chronic blood loss |
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ileitis, achlorhydria |
iron absorption |
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iron storage and protein synthesis |
liver |
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*Frequently asymptomatic *General signs (hemoglobin value drops-more apparent) -pallor of skin and mucus membrane -fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance -irritability -degenerative changes -menstrual irregularities -delayed healing -tachycardia, heart palpitations, dyspnea and syncope |
Iron Deficiency Anemia Signs/Symptoms |
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due to cutaneous vasoconstriciton |
pallor of skin and mucus membrane |
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as cell metabolism decreases |
fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance |
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CNS response to hypoxia |
Irritability |
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Brittle hair, spoon shaped (concave) and ridged nails |
Degenerative changes |
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Underlying cause must be identified and resolved if possible *Iron supplements and Iron-rich foods |
Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment |
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*Also known as Vitamin B12 Deficiency (cyanocobalamin) -A type of Megaloblastic Anemia |
Pernicious Anemia |
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Pernicious Anemia is characterized by large, immature (megaloblasts) ________________ erythrocytes. |
nucleated |
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Results from vitamin B12 deficiency |
Pernicious Anemia |
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*Another type of Megaloblastic Anemia can result from Vitamin B9 __________ deficiency which is usually diet related. |
folic acid |
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Dietary insufficiency in Pernicious Anemia is _____ a factor, small amounts of Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) are needed (food source is animal foods so vegans may be at risk) |
RARELY |
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Main cause of Pernicious Anemia is ___________ (autoimmune) from: -Gastritis (common in alcoholics) -Inflammatory condition (ileitis) |
Malabsorption |
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Pernicious anemia is _____________ induced from procedures such as gastrectomy or bariatric surgery. -Removal of part of the stomach in which parietal cells are removed -Resection of ileum, which is the site of absorption |
Latrogenically |
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General signs: -Fatigue -Pallor -Dyspnea -Tachycardia *Large red, sore shiny tongue * Digestive discomfort (nausea, diarrhea) *Neurological symptoms: -paresthesia (burning/tingling) -Ataxia -Loss of muscle coordiantion |
Signs/Symptoms Pernicious Anemia |
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Due to recessive Hbs gene |
Sickle cell anemia |
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Very common in black population |
Sickle cell anemia |
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May be carrier if both dominant and recessive genes are present, termed the _____________ |
sickle cell trait |
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less than Hb is type |
HbS |
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Signs of anemia may occur in conditions of ________ (high altitude, pneumonia)(sickle cell anemia) |
hypoxia |
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In persons with both recessive genes normal hemoglobin (HbA) is replaced with _______(abnormal hemoglobin associated with sickle cell) |
HbS |
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1 in 12 ________ may have the sickle cell trait, and 1 in 600 have the disease |
African Americans |
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Signs of sickle cell anemia appear around _____ of age because fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is replaced with HbS |
12 months |
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*Pallor *Weakness *Tachycardia *Dyspnea *Jaundice (evident in sclera) |
Signs/symptoms Sickle cell anemia |
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*Splenomegaly *Vascular occlusions leading to stroke *CHF *Retarded growth and development *Infections |
Signs/Symptoms sickle cell anemia |
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Drugs to reduce sickling _________ and prolong life |
hydroxyurea |
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Treatment sickle cell anemia |
*Avoid strenuous activity and high altitudes *Gene therapy is being investigated *Many patients do not live past 20 years |
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Also called primary polycythemia or __________ |
polycythemia vera |
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Condition of increased production of erythrocytes (and other cells) by bone marrow |
Polycythemia |
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Polycythemia is considered a ______________ |
neoplastic disorder |
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In polycythemia patients appear _______ (beefy red color due to increased erythrocytes-hypervolemia) and ___________ -Deep bluish-red tone of skin and mucosa -Resulting from engorged blood vessels and sluggish blood flow |
plethoric cyanotic |
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Signs/Symptoms Polycythemia |
*Hepatomegaly *Splenomegaly *High BP *CHF often develops due to increased work load of heart |
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Hemophilia A (classic) is a deficit or abnormality of _________ |
clotting factor VIII |
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*Most common inherited clotting disorder *90% of patients have type A (classic) *Defect is transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait *Manifested in men but is carried by women who are aysmptomatic |
Hemophilia A (classic) |
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*prolonged or severe hemorrhage occurs following minor tissue trauma *Persistent oozing of blood after minor injuries *Hematomas, Easy bruising (ecchymosis) *Frequent nosebleeds (epistaxis) *Spontaneous hemorrhange into joints (hemarthrosis) -causing painful crippling deformities resulting from recurrent inflammation *Hematuria or fecal blood because of bleeding in the kidneys or digestive tract |
Signs/Symptoms Hemophillia |
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______leukemia's have high numbers of immature, nonfunctional cells (blast cells) in bone marrow and circulation -Abrupt onset, with marked signs |
Acute |
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_____leukemia's have higher proportion of mature cells -insidious onset, mild signs and better prognosis |
Chronic |
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Both can be further classified as to cell type involved and can be quite detailed and specific |
Acute and Chronic Leukemia |
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B-Lymphocytes |
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) |
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Granulocytes |
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) |
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Monocytes |
Acute monocytic leukemia |
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Examples of Acute Leukemia |
*Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) *Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) *Acute moncytic leukemia |
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Chronic- B-lymphocytes |
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) |
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Chronic- Granulocytes |
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
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Examples of Chronic Leukemia |
*Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) *Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
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Common in adults |
Chronic leukemia |
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common in children and young adults |
Acute leukemia |
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_____is most common childhood cancer -occurs between ages 2-6 cause is unkown |
ALL (acute lymphocytic leukemia) |
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____ is common in adults -Factors include radiation, chemicals, viruses |
AML (acute myelogenous leukemia) |
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Some leukemia's have association with chromosomal abnormalities -Increased leukemia in _________ |
Downs Syndrome |
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Onset of Acute Leukemia marked by |
*Unresponsive infection or excessive bleeding *Multiple infections *Signs of anemia *Bone pain *Weight loss/ fatigue *Fever *Enlarged lymph nodes/ Spleen |
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Chronic leukemia has insidious onset with mild signs |
*Fatigue *Weakness *Frequent infections |
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Malignancy initially involves a single lymph node frequently in the neck area -cancer will later spread to adjacent nodes in an orderly fashion and then to organs via the lymphatics |
Hodgkin's |
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The _______ appear to be defective and the lymphocyte count is decreased in Hodgkin's |
T-lymphocyte |
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Hodgkin's is subdivided into ____ sub-types based on the cells found at _______ |
4 biopsy |
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First indicator is usually a cervical lymph node that is large, painless and non-tender |
Hodgkin's signs/symptoms |
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Later signs of Hodgkin's |
Splenomegaly and enlarged lymph nodes at other locations may cause pressure effects -ie. enlarged mediastinal nodes may compress esophagus |
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General signs of cancer |
*weight loss *Low grade fever *Anemia *Night seats *Fatigue |
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Recurrent infection is common in Hodgkin's because abnormal lymphocytes interfere with the ______ |
immune response |
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Increasing in incidence, partly due to the numbers associated with HIV infection |
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas |
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About 80% of the cases of Non-Hodgkin's involve_________ |
B-lymphocytes |
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Non-Hodgkin's is only similar to Hodgkin's lymphomas in some ways: |
*Initial manifestation is an enlarged, painless lymph node *Clinical signs, staging and treatment are similar |
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Spontaneous bleeding or excessive bleeding following minor tissue trauma often indicates a _______________ |
blood-clotting disorder |