Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Vincristine & Vinblastine are indole alkaloids that have what effect?
|
Anti-cancer
|
|
Taxol (generic = paclitaxol) has what function?
|
Anti-cancer
|
|
Camptothecin has what function?
|
Anti-cancer
|
|
Tomatillos have what effect?
|
Detoxifying agent
Have quinone reductase |
|
Noni has what effect?
|
Free-radical scavenger (anti-oxidant)
Used in cancer, diabetes & hypertension |
|
The structure artemisinin from Arteether has what effect?
|
Anti-malaria
|
|
Galantimine is used as what?
|
Treatment for Alzheimer's
|
|
Tiotropium (a name we had to remember for IPPE) is used for what?
|
COPD
|
|
Calanolide A is used for?
|
Anti-HIV
|
|
Ixabepilone has the structure epothilone B which has what property?
|
Anti-cancer
|
|
What's the major challenge in drug discovery from natural sources?
|
Can't do appropriate high through-put screening assays for effectiveness
Also: procurement of raw material & scaling up production (from mgs to kgs) |
|
What's the difference between a decoction & tincture?
|
Decoction - made by simmering in boiling water for longer periods than tea
Tincture - made by soaking plant material in alcohol and water. Sold as a liquid and used for concentrating and preserving plant material. |
|
How do natural products vary from herbal medicine?
|
Natural products need isolation and identification of single compounds, and require FDA approval
Herbal products do not need FDA approval for stated intent |
|
Why is there standardization in herbal medicines?
|
Used to ""ensure" batch to batch consistency, i.e. the same amount in each dose.
Dietary supplements AREN'T REQUIRED to undergo standardization Disadvantage is active components do not have to be identified or proven for stated purpose |
|
Are herbal medicines reviewed by the FDA?
|
Yes, but not under the same regulations as Rx or OTC
|
|
The herbal medicine regulation in 1994 was called the "Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act" aka DSHEA. What did it state?
(DSHEA covers herbals & NPs) |
1) Manufacturers are responsible for making sure supplement/ingredients is safe before marketing (Does not state it has to work)
2) The FDA is responsible for taking action against unsafe products in the market 3) If there is a structure/claim function on the bottle, a disclaimer must say : "Supplement not evaluated by FDA. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease." |
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Acetate Pathway~~
What unique structure do fatty acids have? |
Long carbon chains without constituents
|
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Acetate Pathway~~
The group Polyketides have what two sub-classes? (For polyketides itself, just know its in the acetate pathway) |
Aromatic sub-class
Macrolide sub-class |
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Acetate Pathway~~
Prostaglandins have what general structure? |
Two features:
The carboxylic acid on one tail The 5-member ring with OH and O |
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Acetate Pathway~~
Thromboxanes have what general structure? |
6-member ring with a 4-member ring overlapping it
The two rings share 3 carbons |
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Acetate Pathway~~
General structure of Leukotrienes? |
Hard to tell from fatty acid - thus likely won't be asked on it
The epoxy group is a unique feature |
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Shikimate Pathway~~
When generalized, what is the different between products of the shikimate and acetate pathways? |
Acetate products tend to be linear
Shikimate products tend to be aromatic |
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Shikimate Pathway~~
General structure of aromatic amino acids? |
They have the AA unit (blue) and some aromatic structure (green)
|
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Shikimate Pathway~~
General structure of cinnamic acids? |
Benzene with carboxylic acid
|
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Shikimate Pathway~~
General structure of Lignans/lignin? |
Look like two cinnamic acids put together
|
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Shikimate Pathway~~
General structure of Coumarins? |
|
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Shikimate Pathway~~
General structure of flavonoids? (This one is actually important to know for the parent structure) |
6-member ring, generally with an O in it
Always has an aromatic ring to the left Always have a total of 3 rings (This applies to the 7 out of 8 flavonoids and we ignore the last odd one) |
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Shikimate Pathway~~
General structure of quinones? (Important to know parent structure) |
6-member ring
Two double bonds Usually 2 double-bonded O, but they may be OH |
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Shikimate Pathway~~
General structure of Xanthones? |
3 rings directly next to one another
|
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Mevalonate & Deoxyxylulose Pathways~~
General structure of terpenoids? (This class includes monoterpenes, iridoids and others than end in -terpene) |
Can be hard to tell as a varied class
Tend to have isoprene units Sometimes have steroid structure (steroids technically a subclass of terpenoids but we consider them separately) |
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds: Products from Mevalonate & Deoxyxylulose Pathways~~
General structure of steroids? |
Must have A, B, C, D ring
Tend to have isoprene tails, but not required (this picture has one on the right) |
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds~~
Alkaloids have what general structure? |
Have heterocyclic nitrogen (Mescaline is the exception)
Able to donate H |
|
~~Classes of Pharm. Active Compounds~~
General structure of peptides, proteins & AA derivatives? |
If you don't know what it is and it's large, it's probably this class
|
|
What is the extraction technique used for herbal products/plants?
|
Extraction with methanol (crude products stop here)
Extract with more higher % methanol, dilute with water and partition with CHCl3 (One carbon, three chloride) The product is now semi-purified. |
|
Evalulation of botanicals include purity, bioavailability, safety and efficacy.
What two pairs of the 4 choices above correlate to the same idea? |
Purity - Safety
Bioavailability - Efficacy There are two separate ideas used in evaluation: Is it safe? Is it being absorbed in the patient? (Notice still not too much about does it do its intended function) |
|
In the authentication of botanicals, what is the potential danger of growing plants to be used as medicine outdoors/in a field?
|
Plants in natural settings will be subject to insects, and plants can up-regulate the compounds they make as defense. Depending on the compound, it could be a massive overdose
Plants are preferred to be grown in a controlled greenhouse |
|
Macroscopic authentication differs from traditional/classic authentication in what way(s)?
|
Classical is more "broad" verification techniques, such as noting the location, the taste/smell (if applicable) and growth patterns.
Macroscopic, as the name suggests, looks at harder to notice characteristics, including leaf shape/morphology, root characteristics and flower characteristics. The results are then generally compared to known samples. |
|
Which of the three authentication techniques is considered the most important for authenticity?
|
Microscopic authentication
Uses light and/or scanning electron microscopy to find features such as cell types, pollen & seed morphology as well as any adulteration for authentication |
|
What number am I thinking of?
|
42
|
|
Genetic fingerprinting (for plants) in authentication can be difficult to do. What does it do/attempt to accomplish?
|
Used esp. in multi-component plants/mixtures
Needs high quality DNA extraction from plant and compared to pure plant DNA database for authenticity. Downside is DNA extraction is tough, and the plant DNA databases aren't nearly as good as microbe databases. |
|
The following types of identification methods are used in what kind of fingerprinting?: High-performance liquid cinematography, mass spectrometry & gas chromatography
|
Analytical chemical fingerprinting
(They all sound chemistry related --> chemical) |
|
CAM safety is CONSIDERED safe mostly through what type of evidence?
|
History of use
If a culture used herbal X for hundreds of years and live to be 80+, it's CONSIDERED safe |
|
What are 3 issues in testing the efficacy of CAM herbals/products?
|
1) For ethical reasons, we don't test in humans off the bat. But how does in vitro testing correlate to humans?
2) Adulteration of CAM products before testing - FDA doesn't strictly regulate as it does with drugs 3) Natural variability of CAM products - plants just want to be themselves, not identical |
|
If you decided to use the internet, what sites would be reliable for CAM information?
|
Reliable - NNCAM (run by National Institute of Health)
FDA Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) PubMed (peer-reviewed, but not guaranteed accurate) MedlinePlus (run by NIH) Clinical Trials Natural Standard (not government associated) |
|
Noni (morinda citrifolia) has a free radical-scavenging component - What is the name of the active structure?
|
Polynesian culture uses it as a caloric filler during famines. Used traditionally as a dye, for joint pain & skin conditions, fertility in women
Used today for cancer, CV, DM, tea/juice, tablets |
|
Noni (morinda citrifolia) should not be used in what type of restricted diet?
|
Noni has high potassium content, thus potassium restricted patients should not use.
|
|
Noni (morinda citrifolia) has what active compounds in it?
|
Phenolic acids
Anthocyamins (antioxidant) Flavanoids Basically has two actions: Tyrosinase inhibition Free radical scavenging (Has many OH groups) |
|
Noni (morinda citrifolia) may have anti-tuberculosis effects (what doesn't it do). This effect varies and is dependent upon what?
|
Noni needs to be ripe for greatest effect
|
|
Noni (morinda citrifolia) is taken by a patient with chronic renal impairment. Why should Noni not be used in this population?
|
Poor renal function in addition to Noni's relatively high dose of potassium can lead to hyperkalemia
(On a slightly related note, anthraquinones in Noni may cause hepatotoxicity) |
|
What fruit has the highest free radical protection shown in tests?
|
Acai (Euterpe oleraceae)
Has anthocyanin (antioxidant) at 10x higher concentration than red wine & grapes Effective at low concentrations |
|
Acai (Euterpe oleraceae) has what "other effects" than from anti-oxidation?
|
Anti-inflammatory (COX1/2 inhibition)
Skin and seeds --> vasodilators Decrease NO and decreased leukemia proliferation |
|
What 4 major bodies do CAM treatment certification?
|
USP
ConsumerLab.com Natural Products Association National Sanitation Foundation |
|
What does a "certification seal" indicate on a herbal product? (as stated by Kaiser Permanente)
|
The seal guarantees that the product "is what it says it is". Basically this means no contaminates and some seals offer good manufacturing processes.
Doesn't say the product does its intended effect. Manufacturers must pay the certifying companies |
|
What does the USP mark verify on supplements? (Highly important to know the 4)
|
Contains listed ingredients at correct amounts & potency
Does not contain harmful levels of SPECIFIED contaminants Will breakdown and release within a specified amount of time (unique to USP seal) Has been made according to FDA good manufacturing practices using sanitary and well-controlled procedures |
|
Why does ConsumerLab.com suck?
|
Don't really have a seal program
For profit organization Site looks like an advertisement Need to be a paying member to see data |
|
What does the NPA seal/standard verify?
|
Contains "at least almost" natural ingredients
A product labeled natural should avoid any ingredient with a suspected human health risk. (Very unusual as they are defining natural. Ephedra is natural but has a human health risk) No animal testing Natural products should be biodegradable and have eco-friendly packaging (If there is no animal testing, how do we get in vivo data to prove this "natural" product has no suspected human health risk?) |
|
Out of the 4 certifying bodies for herbal supplements, which two seals are considered superior?
|
NSF & USP seals
(But still doesn't prove product is effective, just that it is pure) |
|
What does the NSF seal verify in herbal supplements?
|
Ingredients match what is listed on the label
No contaminants (unspecified ingredients) Third point talks about no contamination again |
|
What are the top 5 in the twenty top-selling herbal medicines of 2010?
|
1) Noni
2) Acai 3) Mangosteen 4) Green tea 5) Golgi berries (Echinacea is 8 & St. John's Wort is 19) |
|
Acai (Euterpe oleraceae) has a major difference between indigenous use & modern use. What are the differences?
|
Indigenous- caloric filler, GI problems
Modern- Detox, Weight loss, ED, high cholesterol, arthritis, general health (List states little evidence for general health, arthritis and cholesterol) |
|
Acai (Euterpe oleraceae) has anthocyanins make up only 10% of its compounds. Is this significant for the antioxidant effect?
|
Yes - 10% is a lot
Other products have active ingredients of 0.5% |
|
Acai (Euterpe oleraceae) has oleic acid as 56% of its monounsaturated fats. What benefit does this give?
|
Oleic acid is credited with:
Aiding heart with omega-3 FAs Protect against irregular rhythms Lessens MI risk (Does vasodilation) |
|
How can the modern claims for use of Acai be aided?
|
Look at indigenous rates of obesity, cholesterol and dietary consumption
Of course this only helps to a certain degree has the two lifestyles differ in many other aspects |
|
Why is Mangosteen going to be on the exam?
|
Balunas has a patent on one med and did her PhD on this
|
|
Compared to plasma levels, breast cancer has what percent increase in estrogen levels?
|
20x higher (2000%)
|
|
What is the rate-limiting enzyme that is thought to be a good target to reduce estrogen levels?
|
Aromatase
|
|
How does Tamoxifen prevent estradiol from increasing estrogen levels?
|
It blocks estradiol from binding and forming a dimer on its receptor
|
|
Why do aromatase inhibitors and Tamoxifen cause baldness?
|
They stop estrogen production not just in cancer but system-wide
|
|
What does Aromatase change chemically in the conversion of male hormones to female hormones?
|
It forms an aromatic ring
|
|
Using the picture, what structure do you think would make a good aromatase inhibitor?
|
Steroids (yum yum yum)
|
|
What compound structure in Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) was tested to be useful in breast cancer? (aromatase inhibition)
|
Xanthones
Showed Chemoprevention Index of 5.2 |
|
What structure is this?
|
Xanthone (aromatase inhibitor)
|
|
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) has what position in the top 20?
|
3
|
|
Although not FDA-approved, Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) has been concluded to do what in hormone-dependent breast cancer?
|
Act as a aromatase inhibitor
|
|
Goji Berries (Lycium species) have what cautions/contraindications of note?
|
Acts on 2C9 (don't know if inhibitor or inducer)
Not to be used while pregnant/breast feeding (betaine - miscarriage) Warfarin may have an increased half-life |
|
GoChi Juice RCT using Goji Berries (Lycium species) had what conclusion on goji berries?
|
People "said" they felt "less fatigued" (too subjective, can't scientifically measure, placebo effect)
LBP (L barbarum polysacc.) had an effect on RBC (which may be linked to fatigue, more scientific, can be measured) Serum antioxidant levels increased 8.4% & glutathione peroxidase increased by 9.04% (possible anti-aging?) |
|
Goji berries (Lycium barbarum) polysacc. are thought to be protective of what?
|
Anti-tumorigenic
LBP's had some ability to suppress insulin-like growth factor --> stops cell proliferation in breast cancer (Done in an animal study) |
|
Camillia sinensis can be made into different teas. How do you make it into green tea?
|
Fresh leaves are steamed to produce green tea
(Black tea is made with elevated temperatures) |
|
Green tea (Camillia sinensis) extract can be concentrated into a capsule. What health risk does this possibly have?
|
Highly concentrated amounts with have affects on the liver
|
|
What herbal supplement product for genital warts has been FDA-approved? (Important as not many are FDA certified)
|
A specific Green tea (Camillia sinensis) extract ointment, sold under the brand name Veregen
|
|
Green tea (Camillia sinensis) is likely effective for what two uses? What is it possibly effective for?
|
Likely- genital warts (one specific extract) and mental alertness (due to caffeine)
Possibly effective for ovarian cancer/cancer (Has shown ineffectiveness/negative results for colon cancer) |
|
Green tea (Camillia sinensis) has a possible side effect with what prescription drug?
|
Warfarin as it has small amounts of vitamin K
|
|
Green tea (Camillia sinensis) has EGCG has its main constituent. What structure is this?
|
Flavanoid
Breaks some general structure "rules" (5-member O ring and total of 3 rings) but it does have an aromatic ring to its left and does contain a heterocyclic oxygen |
|
Green tea (Camillia sinensis) is undergoing clinical trials for uses in obesity, cancer, hepatitis, etc. Why is this of significance?
|
The get FDA clinical trials means you typically need a certain amount of evidence to begin them.
|
|
Unlike the top 5 sellers, echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) & St. John's wort are found where?
|
'Murica
(US( |
|
Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) has had mixed results on what effect?
|
Preventing/treating upper respiratory infections (immune system)
(Possibly effective for yeast infections too) |
|
What study inconsistencies does Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) have that St. John's wort has much worse?
|
Trials of Echinacea has been using the three different species, showing mixed results.
The three species of Echinacea have activity however, while only one species of St. John's wort has activity |
|
If you are allergic to daisies, which of the 7 covered herbals should you not use?
|
Echinacea
|
|
The above is 1 of 2 major constituents in Echinacea. What is the structure?
|
Alkylamides
|
|
The above is 1 of 2 major constituents in Echinacea. What is the structure?
|
Phenols (The aromatic ring with two OH on the left)
|
|
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is likely effective for depression. What drug interactions does it have? (Too many to name)
|
Interactions with: antidepressants, oral birth contral, cyclosporine, digoxin, warfarin, seizure drugs
Just too many |
|
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) taken with antidepressants have what risk?
|
Serotonin-syndrome
|
|
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) has what two active constituents?
|
Hypericin & hyperforin (Easy to remember due to latin name)
|
|
Here's the names of the top 20. No question here.
|
'Murica
|