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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
First Principles |
Starts directly at the level of established laws of physics and does not make assumptions such as empirical model and finding parameters. |
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Deterministic |
exactly describes what future state followsfrom the current state |
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Stochastic |
random events affect the evolution of thesystem |
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State variable |
describes the mathematical state of thesystem |
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Process function |
describes the transition between states of a system |
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Joule |
The work done when a force of onenewton moves the point of its application adistance of one meter in the direction of theforce. |
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Watt |
The power which in one second of time gives rise to one joule of energy |
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Irradiance |
radiant flux received by a surface on a per unit area basis |
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control volume |
An arbitrary volume where we can close the continuity equations |
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Budget |
mathematical expression of the continuity equation, inflow minus outflow equals change in storage. Units of volume or depth. |
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Store or reservoir |
water held in locations that havelong residence times and/or are not easily connectedto outflows. Units of volume or depth |
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Flows |
transfer of matter or energy between two reserovirs per time. Units of volume per time |
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Fluxes |
mass transfer across a plane. Flow per unit area. Units of volume per time per area |
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Residence Time |
how long a water molecule resides ina system. Units of time. |
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Derived quantities |
Not measured directly -calculated from measured variables using an equation representing a relationship between variables. |
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Velocity |
L/T |
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Area |
L^2 |
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Volume |
L^3 |
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Flow/Discharge |
L^3/T |
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Specific discharge |
L/T |
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Flux |
M/T/L2 |
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Specific Heat |
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius |
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Albedo |
the fraction of solar energy (shortwave radiation) reflected by a surface |
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emissivity |
the effectiveness in emiting energy as thermal radiation |
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capillarity |
the process that moves water through a narrow porous space |
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Viscosity |
the internal molecular friction, Results inturbulent flow in most surface water |
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Latent Heat |
Energy released or absorbed by a body (or system) during a constant-temperature process. |
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Vapor pressure |
The pressure exerted by a vapor inequilibrium at a given temperature in a closed system |
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Radiative fluxes
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associated with shortwave radiation incoming from the sun and reflected by Earth’s surface and longwave radiation emitted by Earth’s surface and radiated toward the surface by the atmosphere. |
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turbulent fluxes |
associated with heating of the Earth’ssurface and phase changes of water (e.g. evaporation) |
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Photosynthesis |
Process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy |
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Water use efficiency |
Water used versus product produced – Water use of people/industry – Water use in plants – Water use in agriculture |
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Transpiration |
Plant mediated diffusion of soil water to atmosphere |
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Chemsynthesis |
biological conversion of carbon containing molecules into organic matter (uses in organic compounds or methane as source of energy rather than light) |
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Gross primary productivity |
the amount of chemical energy as biomass that primary producers create for a givenamount of time |
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Photosynthetic water use efficiency (intrinsicWUE) |
ratio of the rate of carbon assimilation to the rate of transpiration |
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Productivity water use efficiency (integratedWUE) |
ratio of biomass produced to rate of transpiration |