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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell body |
grey matter |
|
dendrite |
receives info |
|
axon |
transmits info |
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myelin |
white matter |
|
skull floor is |
rough |
|
foramen magnum |
what spinal cord passes through |
|
3 membranes of brain |
-dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater |
|
cerebrospunal fluid located in and produced by |
subarachnoid space; choroid plexus in ventricles |
|
brain weighs |
3-4 lbs |
|
brain amount of water |
3/4 |
|
when brain is deprived of oxygen |
10 seconds- unconscious 20 seconds- electrical activity stops 2 minutes- permanent damage |
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cortex width |
1/4 to 1/2 inch |
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lobes |
frontal parietal occipital temporal (2) insula |
|
thalamus |
major relay center for motor info down from the motor cortex and sensory info up to the sensory cortex |
|
basal ganglia |
receives input from multiple cortical sites and sends info via the thalamus to the cortex |
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commissures |
regional fibers that form communicative links between hemispheres (ex. corpus callosum) |
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association fibers |
connect cortical areas within a hemisphere |
|
arcuate fasciculus |
from temporal to frontal lobe, plays a role in language processing; connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas |
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brainstem |
link between brain and spinal cord, regulated basic sustaining functions (breathing, heart rate, etc.) |
|
brainstem parts |
-midbrain -pons -medulla |
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medulla |
point of decussation |
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how many pairs of spinal nerves |
31 |
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spinal nerves are important in |
regulating reflexes important in motor activity, including speech; conduct sensory and motor impulses of the body to and from the brain |
|
aorta |
main artery of the heart, four branches ascend directly to the brain |
|
4 branches of aorta |
common carotid artery- 1. internal carotid artery 2. external carotid artery two vertebral arteries- 3. subclavian branch 4. posterior cerebral artery |
|
common corotid artery parts |
-branches from subclavian artery to internal and external carotid arteries |
|
internal carotid artery branches into |
anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) |
|
vertebral arteries branch out from |
subclavian, continues upward to form basilar at base of pons |
|
posterior cerebral artery (PCA) |
smaller branches of basilar artery |
|
corotid and vertebral arteries form a circular passage at the base of the brain called the |
Circle of Willis |
|
Circle of Willis |
provides an alternate channel for blood flow to brain in case of damage or blockage |
|
extent of damage dependent on |
location of occlusion; worse if on trunk or main areas |
|
watershed area |
overlap of blood supply at the outward boundaries of peripheral arterial branches |
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cranial nerves and how many associated with speech |
12, 7 with speech |
|
motor nerve pathway |
corticobulbar tract |
|
corticobulbar tract |
-control muscles in head and heck, originates in motor strip of cortex and ends at pons -transmits info from sensory receptors in head and neck to CNS |
|
spinal nerves are innervated |
contralaterally (affects both sides) |
|
spinal nerves motor pathway |
corticospinal tract; reflex arc |
|
reflex arc |
mechanism which allows for quick motor movements without involvement of higher neural systems |
|
3 systems involved |
-pyramidal (direct) -vestibular-reticular -extrapyramidal (indirect) |
|
pyramidal system (direct motor system) |
begins at pyramidal cells of motor strip and extends through internal capsule to brainstem and spinal cord -corticobulbar tract -corticospinal tract -responsible for initiation of voluntary motor movement -motor neurons referred to as "upper motor neurons" or UMN (in motor strip_ |
|
corticobulbar vs. corticospinal tract |
corticobulbar- arise from motor strip and premotor area, extends to medulla, critical to motor speech
corticospinal- arise from sensorimotor areas or cortex, descends to spinal cord, fibers cross over in the medulla |
|
vestibular-reticular system |
comprised of neurons throughout the brainstem and cerebellum, responsible for balance and orientation of body in space (proprioception) and maintaining attention and alertness, functions not under volitional control |
|
extrapyramidal system |
system of subcortical structures and pathways within CNS, primarily basal ganglia -doesn't initiate movement, but adjusts muscle tone and posture with volitional movements -damage stops or distorts volitional movements and causes involuntary movements to occur (ex. Parkinson's) |
|
parietal lobe |
perception, interpretation of sensory info, proprioception, integrating visual and sensory information |
|
temporal lobe |
auditory cortex |
|
2 types of stroke |
ischemic or hemorrhagic |
|
ischemic stroke |
occlusion- occurs when an artery is blocked -thrombotic- build-up of material -embolic- fragment of material travels through blood stream -transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes) |
|
hemorrhagic stroke |
bleeding- caused by rupture or leakage of vcerebral blood vessels -extracerebral- within meninges or on surface -intracerebral- into brain or brainstem -aneurism -arteriovenous malformations- dialated, thin-walled veins that can bleed |
|
insideous neuropathy |
-intracranial tumors -hydrocephalus- fluid on the brain -infections or toxins -nutritional and metabolic disorders |
|
localizaionalist theory |
a connection of brain-based behavior relationships based on site of damage -Broca and Wernicke -left hemisphere specialized for receptive/expressive language and speech -~85% of adults are language-dominant in left hemisphere |
|
how brain processes language |
1. received visually in occipital lobe 2. angular gyrus transforms to auditory 3. Wernicke's area interprets meaning 4. Broca's area controls speech muscles 5. motor cortex- speech produced |
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apraxia of speech |
inability to produce voluntary speech, disorder of motor programming but muscle strength fine |
|
dysarthria |
group of speech disorders caused by muscle impairment |
|
upper motor neuron |
corticobulbar tract |
|
lower motor neuron |
peripheral nervous system |