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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Carbon Atom
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6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons with 4 valence electrons in its outer shell that holds 8 electrons.
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Ionic Bonds
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Attraction in which one atom steals electrons from another atom. (creates two atoms with opposite charges that hold atoms together)
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Covalent Bonds
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Attraction in which one atom shares electrons with another atom. (one or more shared pairs of electrons holds atoms together)
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Polar Covalent Bonds & Electronegativity
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Covalent bond formed between two atoms that differ in electronegativity. Shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.
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Cohesion
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Linking together of like molecules, often by H-bonds (contributes to transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants)
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Adhesion
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Clinging of one substance to another by means of H-bonds (by clinging to cell walls, the substance counters the pull of gravity)
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Surface Tension
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Measure of difficulty in stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid (stronger in water than most other liquids due to H-bonding)
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Heat of Vaporization
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Quantity of heat liquids must absorb for 1 g to be converted from a liquid to a gas. (water has an unusually high heat of vaporization due to H-bonding)
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Evaporative Cooling
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Property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of molecules with the greatest kinetic energy to the gaseous state.
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Ocean Acidification
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When CO2 dissolves in sea water, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid which lowers ocean pH.
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Characteristics of Hydrocarbons
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1. Contain only carbon and hydrogen
2. Not prevalent in living organisms 3. Tend to be hydrophobic 4. Release relatively large amounts of energy 5. Major component of petroleum (fossil fuels) |
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Characteristics of Carbon Bonds
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1. 4 valence electrons are in a shell that holds 8 electrons
2. Valence shell is completed by sharing 4 electrons 3. Usually forms single or double bonds |
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Vitalism
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The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physiochemical laws that govern organic chemistry
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Mechanism
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The belief that physiochemical laws govern all natural phenomena including the process of life.
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Starch (storage polysaccharide)
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A polymer of glucose monomers, stored as granules within cellular structures (plastids, chloroplasts); stored energy.
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Glycogen (storage polysaccharide)
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A polymer of glucose monomers, with more extensive branching, stored in liver and muscle cells; depleted in about 24 hrs. unless replenished.
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Cellulose (structural polysaccharide)
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A polymer of glucose monomers, major component of tough cell walls that enclose plant cells; different linkages than starch.
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Chitin (structural polysaccharide)
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A polymer of glucose monomers, major component of arthropod exoskeleton and in fungal cell walls; contains N-compound
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Saturated Fats
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1. Maximum number of hydrogens
2. No double bonds 3. Animal fats, solid at room temperature |
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Unsaturated Fats
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1. Fewer than the maximum number of H's
2. Double Bonds 3. Plant fats; liquid at room temperature |
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Amino Acids
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Organic molecule possessing both an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; at the center is an asymmetric carbon with a H atom and a variable group attached.
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Enzymes
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Increase reaction rates (digestive enzymes)
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Digestive Proteins
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Disease protection (antibodies)
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Storage Proteins
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Store amino acids (ovalbumin egg protein)
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Transport Proteins
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Transport materials (hemoglobin Fe)
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Hormonal Proteins
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Coordinate activities (insulin - blood sugar)
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Receptor Proteins
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Respond to stimuli (neuro-transmitters)
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Contractile/Motor Proteins
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Movement (actin, myosin, cilia, flagella)
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Structural Proteins
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Provide support (keratin)
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DNA vs. RNA
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DNA (nitrogenous bases) ACGT
RNA (nitrogenous bases) ACGU DNA (sugars) Deoxyribose RNA (sugars) Ribose DNA (strands) Double stranded RNA (strands) Single-stranded |
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Prokaryotic Cells
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1. DNA is located in the nucleoid region (region of cytoplasm not enclosed by a membrane)
2. Organelles are few and simple 3. Cells are relatively small |
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Eukaryotic Cells
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1. DNA is located in the nucleus.
2. Organelles are many and complex 3. Cells are relatively large |
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Common features of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
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Chromosomes, Cytosol, Plasma membrane, ribosomes
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Chromosomes
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1, Located in the nucleus, carry genetic information
2. Composed of chromatin (DNA + protein complex) 3. Each species has its own distinct number of chromosomes |
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Chromatin
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DNA + protein complex that makes up the chromosome
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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1. Outer surface lacks ribosomes
2. Drugs and alcohol increase proliferation, which increases rate of detoxification, which increase tolerances. 3. Lipid synthesis, especially steroids including sex hormones, and adrenal gland hormones 4. Detox of drugs (including alcohol) and poisons, especially in liver cells. 5. In muscles, stores Ca ions for muscle contractions |
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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1. Outer surface is studded with ribosomes.
2. Site of protein synthesis and transport, membrane construction 3. Protein synthesis by ribosomes located on the ER 4. Grows in place by adding proteins, phospholipids, to its own membrane. 5. Secretory proteins are packaged in vesicles for transport |