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146 Cards in this Set
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Microbiology
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Study of microbila agents including entities that cause infection and disease.
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Microbial Agents (MA) -Size Range
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a)Bacteria:1.0micrometer; mycoplasma: 200.0 nm; viruses: 10.0 nm; viroids: 10.0nm
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Cellular MA
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microorganism, composed of cells, include: bacteria, fungi
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Acellular MA
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non-microorganisms, are nucleic acid particles of DNA OR RNA, but not both!, not composed of cells
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Health
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The state of complete physical, socail and mental wellbeing, including absence of disease and infirmities
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Infection
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Invasion and establishment of MA in tissue.
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Etiological agent
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MA that establishes an infection
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Disease
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The outcome of an infection. Includes interference with metabolic activities, culminating into organ malfunction and dysfunction
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Dysfunction
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not operating at all
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Malfunction
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NOt operating appropiately
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Clinical symptom
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infection and/or disease manifestations that only the patient could recognize.
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Clinical Signs
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Infection and/or disease that both the patient adn the caregiver could recognize
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Dysentery
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Bloody Diarrhea
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Clinical incubation period
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The interval from time of infection to time disease appears in patient.
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Pre-Patent Period
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The interval from time of infection to the time the etiologic agent is isolated from the patients sample(microbiological specimen)
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Pro-Dromal Period
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The time of feeling run down.
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Acute Infection
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Infection that has a short to very short incubation period
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Chronic infection
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Infection that has a long to very long incubation period
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Carrier State Infection
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Infection that has not progressed to disease.
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Inapparent/Asymptomatic
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Same as carrier state infection
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Endemic Normal
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An individual in a carrier state infection.
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2 types: innocent and informed
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Prognosis/ Sequelae
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The outcome of an infection or disease.
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Tissue
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A group of similar cells that collaborate for a specific function.
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Pathology
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Tissue damage resulting from an infection
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Pathogen
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An etiologic agent
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Pathogenic
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can cause an infection that could progress to disease.
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Immunocompetent person
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An individual who has a fully functional immune system
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Immunocompromised person
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An individual who's immune system is not fully functional
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1: can be induced or caused by infection; 2) can be induced by drug/medication to prevent organ transplant rejection; 3) babies and geriatrics
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Sepsis
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Bacteria growth in animal tissue
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Pus
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Discharge from tissue with sepsis
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Septic tissue
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Is purulent and off-white in color and may conatin blood.
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Boil
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a tissue legion that conatins pus, (indicates sepsis)
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includes pimples
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Sputum
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Discharge from the lungs and the respiratory tract
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contains: mucose, may contain blood and indicates infection.
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Hemoptysis
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Bloody sputum indicating that the blood is coming from the repiratory tract and/or lungs
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Hematemesis
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Blood discharged from the digestive tract and comes out through the mouth and often does NOT contain sputum.
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Vomit blood
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Biopsy
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Tissue surgically obtained from an organ
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EG lung biopsy, brain biopsy
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Saliva
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Secretion from the salivory glands
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three pairs: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
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Pleomorphic bacteria
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have no definite shape( changeable shape)
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EG: carynebacterium diphtheria: EA for whooping cough
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Toxin
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Poison produced by EA
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2 types Endotoxin and Exotoxin
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Endotoxin
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toxin stays impregnated or incorporated in bacteria cell
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EG. Salmonella Typhimurium: EA for salmonella food poison, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: EA for food poisoning
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Symbiosis
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MA living in adversity or harmony with host
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NM
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MA living on hosts skin, tissue, body cavity, or body fluid
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Includes Candida ablicans, staphylococcus aureus, E-coli
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Candida Ablicans
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Yeast fungus that normally lives in body cavities including mouth, vagina, urethra or on body surface
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Staphylococcus Aureus
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Normal microbiota of the human skin
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E-coli
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NM of the colon
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Opportunistic infection
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Infections caused by NM when host or patient becomes immunocompromised or immunodeficient
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EG. Sepsis, vaginitis and urethritis, buccal thrush
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Sepsis
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Caused by staphylococcus aureus bacteria
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Urethritis and vaginitis
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Caused by candida ablicans in urethra and vagina
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presents as vaginal or urethral discharge
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Buccal thrush
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caused by candida ablicans
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NM in worng organ
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results in infection and/or disease
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E.G. E-coli causes pneumonia in the human lungs
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E-coli
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normally produces vitamin K that promotes blood clotting, and so prevents excessive bleeding when one is wounded or during child birth
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Microbial Commensalism
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MA in harmony with the host, and during this period both the host and the MA benefit
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E.G. E-coli in colon: obtains nutrients from host; host gets vitamin K from E-coli.
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Microbial Agent Antagonism
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NM inpede pathogenic MA metabolism by producing enzymes and toxins.
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i.e. the toxins and enzymes interfere with EA metabolism
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Pioneers in MIcrobiology
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Flemmings, Lister, Pasteur, Jenner, Prusiner, Robert Koch
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Flemings
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Discovered penicillin
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Lister
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Discovered phenolic acid fro sterilization
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Pasteur
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Sterilization of dairy products
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Jenner
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Discovered Vaccine
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Prusiner
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Discovered prion proteins
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The EA for degenerative central nervous system diseases: KURU, BSE:mad cow disease, CJD
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Robert Koch
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developed postulate to establish the relationship between infection/disease with the EA
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Robert Koch's Postulates
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1) Isolate suspected EA 2) Grow EA in pure culture 3) Pure EA must induce same disieasein experimental animal 4) Isolate same EA from experimental animal
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Smear
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A layer of film of microbiological sample on a microscope slide
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two types: thick and thin
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Thick Smear Preparation ( from liquid sample)
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transfer drop of liquid to slide and spread to dime size.
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(from bacterial colony/solid): place drop of water on slide, transfer colony to water on slide, spread dime size
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Thick Smear/ film
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Indicates or absence of EA/ infection.
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Thin Smear/film
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Used to recognize/identify morphology, genus and species of the E.A. or M.A.
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Morphologies
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Coccus: spherical, Vibrio: curved, Bacillus: rod-shaped, helical/spiral: are all thread-like (wavy, spiral)
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staphyl: scattered or bunched, strept: in chains
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Basic/ Cationic Dye
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Malachite Green, Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, BAsic Fuchsin, Safranin
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Colors MA, but not slide b/c MA has - charge and slide has + charge like the stain.
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Acid/ Anionic Dye
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India Ink, Nigrosin, Congo Red, Acid FUchsin
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does opposite of basic dye: colors slide but not MA.
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Simple Staining (Basic Dye only)
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prepare smear, airdry, heat fix, flood w/dye wait 20 sec, wash slide, air dry, and observe
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Differential staining
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uses two different colored dye's
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Acid-Fast Staining
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Primary: Carbol Fuchsin; MOrdant: Heat; Decolorizer: Acid Alcohol; Counter stain: Malachite green/ methylene blue
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result: positive cells: red (pathogenic); negative cells: malachite green or Methyl blue(non-pathogenic)
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Negative Staining
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used for capsule staining; for capsule staining, you stain background slide, leaving capsule unstained.
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Note: Capsule: neutral (does not bind with basic or acid dye); use acid dye to stain slide.
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Double-Staining for Capsule
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use simple staining to color the bacteris cell and apply acid dye to stain background slide.
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Note: color of bacteri depends on color of basic dye.
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NOTE
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Acid-fast staining used for bacteria with heavy lipid layerin cell wall. primary dye should be lipid dye (ie carbol fuchsin).
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Acid-fast staining used for the diagnosis of Tuberculosis, leprosy, norcardiasis
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Tuberculosis
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EA is mycobacterium tuberculosis
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pulmonary/respiratory lung disease; treatable with anitbiotics; vaccine confers partial protection; has fatal prognosis
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Leprosy
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EA is Mycobacterium LePrae
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A cutaneous and peripheral nerve disease; eradicated in developed countries
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Nocardiasis
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EA is Nocaridia
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One of the main causes of persistent respiratory diseases in HIV/AIDS patients
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Spore Staining
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Spore formed within MA; protects EA from destruction by hosts immune system
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Result: spore-green; vegetative cell-red
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Vegetative cell
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bacteria cell that carries the spore
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enclosed by capsule, but it encloses the spore.
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Bacteria Cell Appendages
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Projections that promotes or enhance locomotion or self-propulsion
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Note: brownian movement is not locomotion only vibration/ bouncing in liquid.
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locomotion
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actual change in position/ laction due to appendages
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also called taxis: 3 types
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Chemotaxis
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movement towards a chemical stimulus
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Phototaxis
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Movement towards light stimulus
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Geotaxis/Gravitaxis
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Movement towards the center of the earth
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Flagellum
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a clearly long projection from the bacteria cell surface
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Filament
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a bundle of flagella enclosed in a sheath
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promotes spiral movement or rotation of bacteria cell
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Fimbra(e)
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short appendages that promote contact among bacteria cells
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Pilus(Pili)
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Long appendages that bring bacteria cells together during conjugation or exchange of DNA
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(i.e. It is a conduit pipe or tubular passage. often called sex pilus)
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Cilium(Cilia)
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Short Appendages that promotes locomotion
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are short and numerous, covering bacteria cell surface.
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Monotrichous attachment
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a single flagellum at on pole/ end of the MA
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E.G. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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Amphitrichous Attachment
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A single flagellum at each pole.end of the MA
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E.G. Spirillum Volutans
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Peritrichous Attchment
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Several flagell on body surface of MA
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E.G. Salmonella
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Lophotrichous Attachment
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Several Flagella at one pole/end of the MA
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E.G. pseudomonas Marginalis
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Glycocalyx
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sugar-based coat that protects and encloses the peptidoglycan cell wall
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subsets: slime, capsule, plaque
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slime
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slimy coat that protects MA against engulfment, or phagocytosis, by the host macrophages
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macrophages are part of the immune system
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Capsule
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protects peptidoglycan, promotes bacteria cell resistance to medicine or other environmental hazards, carries no charge
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Plaque
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produced as a whitish patch on human teeth by buccal streptococci
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causes tooth decay
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Peptidoglycan
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the bacteria cell wall proper; protects the inner organelles and also produces the glycocalyx
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thick in gram positive bacteria and thin in gram negative bacteria; absorbs dyes
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Plasma Membrane
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thin lining of the peptidoglycan
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Mycolic Acid
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Occurs in mycobacterium; it is corrosive
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Lipid wax
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In peptidoglycan cell wall of mycobacterium and nocardia
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Lysozymes
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enzymes produced by animals and they destroy the bacteria cell wall
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occurs in body fluids: tears, saliva,urine, sweat
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Polymyxins
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Antibiotics that destroy bacteria cells
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similar to lysozymes, but are synthetic
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Toxins
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plasmids: small rings of DNA in bacteria cells
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Hypha(e)
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thread-like units of fungi
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it is hollow
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Septate
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Hollow with partitions or shelves
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Septic Hypha
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Have perforations in the partitions to enhance nuclear circulation
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Mycelium
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The fruiting body of fungi, composedof several intertwined hypha
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Sporangium
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A bulb at the tip of a free hypha which contains several nuclei that develop into reporductive cells
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E.G. rhizopus (bread mold)
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Conidium(conida)
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A chain of globular nulceated cells at the tip of an erect hypha
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E.G. penicillum
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Ascus:
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A chain of rectangular nulceated cells at the tip of an erect hypha; lined in a cup called ascocarp
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E.G Fungi Imperfecti
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Yeasts
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are included in fungi inperfecti
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reproduced by budding
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viruses
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obligate intracellular parasite
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cannot survive outside its host cell
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Virus genome
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nucleis acid is either DNA or RNA
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DNA viruses
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double stranded except the parviruses
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RNA viruses
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are single stranded except the Reoviruses
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capsid
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composed of units called capsomeres
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protein coat that protects/ encloses virus genome/nucleic acid
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nucleocapsid
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the nucleic acid witht the capsid
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Envelope
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Encloses/ protects the nucleocapsid
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SPike
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Attachments on the outside of the envelope
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Virion
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The infectious unit of a virus and is composed of the nucleocapsid
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Viroid
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plant virus with an RNA genome
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ie- plant parasites: obligate intracellular plant parasites
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Prion
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Infectious protein: genom is presently unknown;
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Medium
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Substrate for microbial growth in culture or in laboratory or artificial environment
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provides: nutirents, tonicity(salt balance), pH balance; stimulates natural environment
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Classification of media
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Physical state; Chemical compostion; functional/purpose of use
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Physical state
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liquid, semi-solid, solid
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Broth
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nutrient broth, milk casein broth, litmus milk broth, methlyene blue milk broth, soy bean broth
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Nutrient broth
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Highly nutritiuos meat extract
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Milk casein broth
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natural milk as broth
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Litmus Milk broth
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milk to which litmus dye has been added
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Methylene blue Milk broth
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milke to which meth. blue dye has been added
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Soy bean broth
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liquid soy broth
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Semi-Solid Media
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contains less than 1% agar, used to determine microbial viability, determines gas production by MA in culture, reveals paatern of growth around a stab line
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E.G. fluid glycolate, Sim. Medium
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Solid Media
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Two cat's Thermoplastic and nonthermoplastic
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Thermoplastic Solid Media (Agar)
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Solid at room temp, conmtain 1.0% agar +, liq. at 45C -100C,
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E.G. Agar Deep, Agar Slant, Agar Plate
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Bacteria Colony
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a group of bacteria cells produced by the same single bacteria mother cell
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nonthermoplastic (agar media)
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not liquifiable, heat dehydration and transforms to charcoal
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E.G. nutrient agar plate, nutirent agar slant, nutrient agar deep,
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Rice grain media
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for fungal growth
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Egg yolk/embryo media
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for growth of virus
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cell line(s)/ cell culture MEdia
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for virus
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Chemical composition classification
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Synthesis and nonsynthesis
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Synthesis/synthetic
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have known/ specific chem composition; include: glucose broth, dextrose, inorganic synthetic, lactose,a nd phenyl alcohol broth
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Nonsynthetic Media
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Extracts of plant and animal tissue; no exact formula for chem composition; for growth of fastidious MA or MA w/ complex nutritional needs
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include: blood media, ThayerMartin MEdium, Meat Extract medium, tryptocase sopy Medium, yeast broth medium, egg embryo medium, soy beans digestive medium
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Functional/Purpose of Use class
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General purpose media, Anaerobic, fermentation, Enumeration, Assy, Transport, slective, differential
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General Purpose MEdia
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screening media for assessment of nutritional requirements of MA
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pormotes growth and culture of most MA include: nutirent medium and soy bean medium
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Anaerobic Media
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create oxygen deficient environment for anaerobic MA
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