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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Products of glycolysis |
- 2 pyruvic acid - 2 ATP - 2 NADH |
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Products of Krebs cycle |
- CO2 - 2 ATP - 6 NADH - 2 FADH2 |
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Glycolysis converts ________ into _________ |
glucose; pyruvate |
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Most common form of glycolysis |
Embden-Meyerhof |
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Two stages of glycolysis |
- preparatory stage - energy-conserving stage |
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The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative to |
glycolysis |
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In oxygenic photosynthesis the source of electrons is |
water |
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In anoxygenic photosynthesis the source of electrons is |
something other than water, such as H2S |
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Photoautotrophs use ________ as an energy source and _______ as a carbon source |
light; carbon dioxide |
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Photoheterotrophs use ________ as an energy source and _______ as a carbon source |
light; organic molecules |
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Chemoautotrophs use ________ as an energy source and _______ as a carbon source |
inorganic compounds; carbon dioxide |
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Chemoheterotrophsuse ________ as an energy source and _______ as a carbon source |
organic compounds; organic compounds |
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Type of chemoheterotrophs that use dead organic matter for energy |
saprophytes |
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Organisms that need cold conditions and cannot even grow at normal temperatures |
psychrophiles |
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Organisms that like fairly cold conditions |
psychrotrophs |
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Organisms that grow well at 25-40*C, most common type of microbe |
mesophiles |
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Most bacteria prefer to live in hypotonic or hypertonic conditions |
hypotonic |
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An enzyme that neutralizes superoxide free radicals, converts them to H202 (hydrogen peroxide) |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
|
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O2 (2-) |
Peroxide anion |
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O2 (1-) |
Superoxide anion |
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Enzymes that neutralizes hydrogen peroxide |
catalase, peroxidase |
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OH (-) |
hydroxyl radical |
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Organisms that require low-oxygen, high carbon dioxide environments. Often found in intestinal tract. |
Capnophiles |
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Type of media that prevents growth of unwanted organisms and encourages growth of desired organisms |
selective media |
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Type of media used to distinguish colonies of the desired organisms from other colonies on the same plate |
Differential media |
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contains a pH indicator, mannitol as the only carbohydrate, and sodium chloride. Selects for species that can tolerate the high salt content and can ferment mannitol. |
Mannitol salt agar |
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Type of media that contains bile salts, crystal violet, lactose, and a pH indicator. Shows production of acid from lactose. |
MacConkey agar |
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Term for freeze-drying |
lyophilization |
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lyophilization |
microbes are quickly frozen, water is removed by a vacuum, produces a powderlike residue that can be restored with water |
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Average generation time for most bacteria |
1-3 hours |
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Phases of bacterial growth |
- Lag phase - little growth - Log phase - exponential growth - Stationary phase - growth/death balanced - Death phase - death exceeds growth |
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Most Probable Number (MPN) method |
Taking a sample, diluting it by exponential rates, and assessing the positive/negative presence of each dilution |
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Method used to count bacteria in milk |
Direct microscopic count |
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removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life |
sterilization |
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Commercial sterilization subjects food to enough heat to destroy the endospores of |
Clostridiumbotulinum |
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Removal of harmful microbes on a non-living surface |
disinfection |
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Removal of harmful microbes on a living surface |
antisepsis |
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Removal of harmful microbes by mechanical removal |
degerming |
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The lowest temperature at which all microbes will be killed in 10 minutes |
Thermal death point (TDP) |
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The minimum length of time that all microbes will be killed in a given solution at a given temperature |
Thermal death time (TDT) |
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Time, in minutes, in which 90% of microbes will be killed at a given temperature |
Decimal reduction time (DRT) |
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Average time and temp of autoclave |
15 min at 15 psi (121* C) |
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Classic pasteurization |
63*C for 30 min |
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High-temperature short-time pasteurization (HTST) |
72*C for 15 seconds |
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Ultra high temperature treatment (UHT) |
140*C for 3 seconds |
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Time and temp necessary for dry heat sterilization in an oven |
170*C for 2 hours |
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Bacteria able to get through .22-.45um filters |
spirochetes and mycoplasmas |
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Pathogen that can grow at the low temperatures of refrigeration |
Listeria monocytogenes |
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Pathogen that can survive in phagocytic cells and proliferate inside them, features "comet tails" or "actin rockets" when breaking out |
Listeria monocytogenes |
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The process of extreme drying |
desiccation |
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Freeze-drying |
lyophilization |
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Type of bacteria that is very resistant to ionizing radiation (IR) |
Deinococcus |
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Most common active substance in most phenolics |
O-phenylphenol |
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usedas a demulsifyer, biocide and in fragrances; an active ingredient of Birex aone-step germicidal detergent. used to disinfect countertops |
Para-tertiary amylphenol |
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Contains two phenol groups connected by a bridge |
Bisphenols |
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Compound in pHisoHex, very good against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. |
hexachlorophene |
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o-benzyl-p-chlorophenolin Amphyl |
Chlorophene |
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Triclosan is a |
bisphenol |
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Antibacterial common in soaps and toothpastes, inhibits enzyme necessary to make fatty acids |
triclosan |
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Effectiveness of alcohols against microbes |
Kills bacteria and fungi but not endospores and nonenveloped viruses |
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Heavy metals that are effective antimicrobials |
silver, mercury, copper |
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Surface active agents. Decrease surface tension. Soaps and detergents. |
surfactants |
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Cationic detergents |
Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) |
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Two bacteria that can actively grow in quats |
Pseudomonas and Burkholderia |
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Added to many meat products that inhibits botulism |
sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate |
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Action of aldehydes against microbes |
inactivate proteins by forming covalent cross-links with several organic functional groups |
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Gaseous sterilizer that denatures proteins, is toxic and explosive, used on spacecraft and mattresses |
ethylene oxide |
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Supercritical carbon dioxide |
Carbon dioxide in a fluid state while also being at or above its critical temperature and pressure, giving it uncommon properties |
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Used to decontaminate bone, tendons, or ligaments taken from donor patients |
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) |