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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_____ i am / am not the captain of my fate ; it indicates how much people believe they control their fate through their own efforts
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locus of control
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What are the 5 personaility traits important in organizations ?
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locus of control , self-efficacy, Self-esteem, self-monitoring, emotional intelligence
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_____ believe you control your own destiny
exhibits less anxiety, greater work motivation, and stronger expectations that efforts lead to performance (also obtains higher salleries) Resist close managerial supervision ( jobs require high inititative and lower compliance ) Respond more productively to incentives such as merit pay or sales commonisions |
internal locus of control
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____ believe external forces control you
jobs are highly structured jobs requiring greater compliance |
external locus of control
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_____ I can/cant do this task
is belief in ones personal ability to do a task |
self efficacy
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_____ is associated with learned helplessness: the debilitating lack of faith in ones ability to control ones environment
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low self efficacy
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____ i like or dislike myself
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self esteem
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____ is the extent to which people like or dislike themselves, their overall self evaluation
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self esteem
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people with _______ handle failure better , emphasize the postive, when faced with pressure situaitons, egotistical and boastful
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high self esteem
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people with ______: focus on their weaknesses and to have had primarily negative thoughts; more dependent on others and are more apt to be influenced by them; less likely to take independent jobs
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low self esteem
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____ im fairly able or unable to adapt my behavior to others
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self monitoring
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_____ is the extent to which people are able to observe their own behavior and adapt it to external situations
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self monitoring
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the better at ________ , the more successful you will be
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self monitoring
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_______ im pretty good or not good ad understanding my emotions and the emotions of others
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emotional intelligence
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_____ is the ability to cope, to emphasize with others and to be self motivated
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emotional intelligence
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_____ is defined as a learned predisposition toward a given object ; they directly influence behavior
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attitudes
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What are the 3 components of attitudes?
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1. affective component
2. cognitive component 3. behavioral component |
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____ consists of the feelings and emotions one has about a situation
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affective component
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_____ consists of the beliefs and knowledge one has about a situation
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cognitive component
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____ aka intention component refers to how one intends or expects to behave towards a situation
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behavioral component
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______ describes the psychological discomfort a person experiences between his or her cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior
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cognitive discomfort
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What are the 3 factors that how people deal with discomfort depend upon?
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1. importance
2. control 3. rewards |
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What are the three ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?
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1. change your attitue and or behavior
2. belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior 3. find consonant elements that outweigh the dissonant ones |
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_____ is the process of interpreting and understanding one's environment
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perception
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What are the 4 distortions in perception?
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1. selective perception
2. stereotyping 3. the halo effect 4. casual attributions |
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_____ i dont want to hear about that
it is the tendency to filter out information that is discomforting, that seems irrelevant or that contradicts one;s beliefs |
selective perception
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_____ are those sorts of people are pretty much the same
is the tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics on ebelieves are typical of the group to which that individual belongs |
stereotyping
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______ is the belief that differeing traits and abilities make males and females particularity well suited to different roles
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sex role stereotypes
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______ tend to depict older workers as less involved in their work, less satisfied, less motivated and less committed
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age stereotypes
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_____ one trait tells me all i need to know
we form an impression of an individual based on a single trait |
the halo effect
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______ not only can a single positive trait be generalized into an array of positive traits, but the same generalization may be made for a negative trait
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horn and halo effect
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______ is the activity of inferring causes for observed behavior
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casual attribution
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_______ people attribtue another persons behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to situational factors
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fundamental attribution bias
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_______ people tend to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure
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self serving bias
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the ________ , also known as pygmalion effect, describes the phenomenon in which people's expectations of themselves or others lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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What are the 6 popular incentives in compensation plans?
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1. pay for performance
2. bonuses 3. profit sharing 4. garnishing 5. stock options 6. pay for knowledge |
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_____ ( merit pay): bases pay on one's results
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pay for performance
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____ employees are paid according to how much output they produce
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piece rate
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_____ sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made for their sales
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sales commission
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______ are cash awards given to employees who acheive specific performance objectives
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bonuses
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_____ is the distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits
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profit sharing
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_____ is the distribution of savings or gains to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity
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garnishing
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_____ certain employees are given the right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price
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stock options
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_______ (skill based pay) ties employee pay to the number of job relevant skills or academic degrees they earn
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pay for knowledge
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________ dividing responsibility for leading among two or more managers
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shared leadership
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_______ is a simultaneous, ongoing, mutual influence process in which people share responsibility for leading
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shared leadership
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________ meeting the goals of followers and the organization, not of oneself
_____ focus on providing increased service to others meeting the goals of both followers and the organization-rather than to themselves |
servant leadership
servant leaders |
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Job satisfaction > organizational commitment (identify with our company and believe in their goals) > ________
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outcomes
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less _______ > tardiness, absenteeism and turnover
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withdrawl behaviors
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under turnover outcomes, more likely to engage in ____________ (ocbs) - extra things for your organization
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organizational citizenship behaviors
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______________ (cwbs) = sabotage, theft, fighting
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less counterproductive work behaviors
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____ = role incompatible ; ex: professors are graded more on the research they do while at the university than teaching
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role incompatible
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_____= too much; too dificult, too fast
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role overload
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_____= role is not clear
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role ambiguity
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What is the 5 factor model of personality? (COEEA)
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1. Conscientiousness (dependable ) - most important in the workplace
2. openness to experience 3. extraversion (outgoing) 4. emotional stability (opposite neuroticism) 5. agreeableness |
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What are the personailty factors that increase stress?
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neuroticism, Type A personaility
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_______ is high negative affectivity (high na); negative feelings ; little things distress them, distressed throughout their lives; high dissatisfaction (focusing on the negatives) ; 30% of our high na is genetic
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neuroticism
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____ driven to save time; be efficient > underlying anger
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type "a" personality
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What are 3 personality factors that decrease stress?
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1. hardiness trait
2. internal locus of control 3. proactive personality |
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_____ sense of purpose; internal locus of control, change is normal
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hardiness trait
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_____ you feel like you influence your world
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internal locus of control
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____ looks for opportunities ; proceed even against obstacles; high self efficacy
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proactive personality
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___ is ability to do the task
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self-efficacy
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What are 2 distortions that reduce our stress?
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1. self serving bias
2. selective perception |
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_____ credit for our success and blame other or environment for out failures
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self-serving bias
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_____ ignore information with which we disagree
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selective perception
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____ is an inverted u-shaped curve;
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stress; positive stress or good stress= eustress
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____ is very little stress or too much stress
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distress
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to reduce stress for a new applicant used ________ it is both positive and negative issues about the job
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"realistic job preview" (RJP)
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______ decreases expectations = increases satisfaction, increases role clarity, and decreases stress which all together decreases turnover
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realistic job preview
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___________ leads to lower expectations which leads to higher satisfaction and less stress with greater role clarity; turnover ratio is reduced by 20%
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the Model RJP
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What are the 3 holistic (or whole) treatments?
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1. escape
2. symptom management 3. control |
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___vacation from work
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escape
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____ exercise after work
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sympotom management
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____ change the situation (ex: putting socks in laundry instead of on the floor)
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control
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What are the 3 stages of burnout?
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1. depersonalization of client / pt/ customer
2. feeling of low personal accomplishment 3. emotional exhaustion |
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_____ is for indivudals who work in human servies
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burnout
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burnout is less common in people who have ______
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lower expectations
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occupational stress looks at 2 things: _____ and _______
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psychological demand and decisional control
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To deal with substance abuse, _____ are used
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EAP - employee assistance programs
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true or false: 4 x more men kill themselves than women
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true
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What do men ? women? use to commit suicide?
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men = guns
women = pills |
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_______ and _____ would have more stress than Docotrs lawyers because its very demanding with little or no control
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waitstaff and firefighters
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_____ are forces that act on or within us to cause us to behave in a goal-directed manner
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motivation
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What are the content(need) theories of motivation? (4)
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1. maslow's need hierarchy
2. alderfer's modification 3.herzberg's 2-factor theory 4.McClelland's Acquired needs |
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______ :
lists lowest to higher lower-order & higher-order needs satisfaction - progression |
maslow's need hierarchy
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List Maslow's hierarchy from bottom to top
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1. physiological needs : physical
2. safety needs: safety 3. belongingness/social needs: affilitaiton 4. self-esteem needs: esteem 5. self-actulaization needs: self actualisation : realizing your full potential: never really gets satisfied |
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_____:
1. ERG theory ( existence, relatedness, growth) 2. Frustration -regression |
Alderfer's modification
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____ is satisfaction versus dissatisfaction
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Herzburg's 2 factor theory
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_____:
1. hygienes and motivators 2. dissatisfaction and satisfaction |
Herzberg's 2-factor theory
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______:
1. need for power(influence and control others for social good) ; job types: CEO , Management 2. Need for affiliation (trusting and warm relationship) job type: HR 3. need for acheivement ( challenging goals and immediate feedback) job type: sales |
McClelland's Acquired Needs
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______ are forces outside of us
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exogenous theory
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Skinner's reinforcement theory is considered a _________
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exogenous theory
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________ says if we engage in a behavior with postive consequence we repeat the behavior
but if we engage in behaivor with negative consequences we do not repeat the behavior |
Thorndike's law of effect (1911)
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What are the 2 reinforcement strategies to deal with desirable behavior?
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1. postive reinforcement
2. avoidance learning (negative reinforcement) |
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What are the 2 strategies to deal with undesirable behavior?
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1. extinction
2. punishment |
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_____ increases the frequencey or strength of a desirable behaivor by providing postive consequences
ex: mary come in on time and the teacher smiles at her |
positive reinforcement
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_____ increasing the frequency or strength of desirable behavior by teaching the avoidance of negative consequences
ex: wear a hard hat avoiding bad outcomes by doing desirable things |
avoidance learning
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____ reudincg the frequency or strength of an undesirable behavior by removing positive consequences
ex: getting everything to stop laughing at class clown |
extinction
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_____ reducing the frequency or strength of an undesirbale behavior by providing negative consequences
ex: if you do this again you will be fired (mary comes in late to class and the teacher frowns at her) |
punishment
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Skinner's approach to _____________ is a carrot and stick method; but he didnt take into account that people think
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The great Jackass Fallacy
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_____ are cognitive or thinking theories
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process theories
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_____ based on fairness was developed by Adams
consists of 1. formula 2. inputs and outcomes 3. experience inequity , how do you restore equity |
The equity theory
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What is the formula for the equity theory?
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outcomes - self/ inputs- self = outcomes - others/ inputs - others
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____ are what you bring into the workplace, job, education, skils, experience
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inputs (equity theory)
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____ are rewards - money, benefits, what you think your gettin out of your job/promotions
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outcomes
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experience inequity, how do you restore equity?
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1. increase outcomes
2. decrease inputs (done the most) 3. leave the field (quit) |
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_____________ : cognitively distort inputs and outcomes ; change comparison other
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experience inequity (how do you restore equity)
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________ looking at what others in the same profession (job) make
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change comparison other
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In adam's equity theory, ______ - you can be over compensated and that creates inequity
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formula
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How do we restore equity?
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increase quality
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how sensitive are we to over compensation?
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not very sensative
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true or false? research is still going on in equity theory
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true
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_____ was the amount i receive fair, this leads to satisfied
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distributive justice
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____ was the deciision making process used by managemnt fair this is committed to my organization
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procedural justice
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_____ is the most cognitive of all theories
the model is efforts --> performance --> rewards three steps are expecatancy, instrumentailty, valence motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valence interference to motivation are phobia, nepotism and money or time off |
Vroom's expectancy theory
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______ consists of performance standards and deadlines
1. goal setting directs our attention, regulates our efforts, develop a stragey, and persists efforts 2. in labs, best goals are difficult and specific 3. in workplace best goals are challenging and specific 4. spefic goals reduce variability (makes them good) 5. difficult of challenging goals increase performance |
Locke's Goal setting theory
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What is a SMART goal?
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specific
measurable acheiveable relevant timely |
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_____ are 2 or more freely interacting individuals who have collective norms and share a common identity
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groups
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___ are expected ways to behave
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norms
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for groups or teams the ideal size is _____ and ____ is the second best
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5 ( odd number because of the majority)
3 is second best in most cases 2 heads are better than one |
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What are the 6 stages groups go through for development?
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1. forming
2. storming 3. norming 4. performing 5. maturing 6. adjouring |
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____ orientation
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forming
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____ dissatisfaction (power order is determined)
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storming
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____ agree on behavior
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norming
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_____ task
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performing
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____ value the individual ( from another body of literature)
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maturing
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____ termination
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adjourning
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What are 3 threats to group function ?
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1. social loafing
2. asch effect 3. groupthink |
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_____ individual efforts goes down ,as the size of the group goes up
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social loafing
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____ individual conformity in a group (1940's) ; ___% agreed with group even though they knew the answer was wrong
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Asch effect
80% ex: individuals were asked which line out of 3 was the shortest or longest. Complied with group and said that the medium line was the longest although they knew it was not |
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_____:
1. such overconformity that group makes dumb decisons 2. symptoms: invulnerable, moral unanimous, self-censorship |
group think
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What are the symptoms of groupthink?
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invulernable
moral unanimous self-censorship |
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_____ have one leader; individual is evaluated
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formal work groups
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___ smaller and shared leadership; evaluate both team's accomplishments and the individual's contribution to the group
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team
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on teams there are typically what 2 types of leaders?
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task leader
maintenance leader |
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____ gets the job done
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task leader
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___ relaitonships on the team
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maintenance leader
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___ getting things done even when others dont like it
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power
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_____ voluntarily following you
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leadership
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What are the 5 bases of power?
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1. legitimate power (organizationally based power)
2. reward power (organizationally based power) 3. coercive power (organizationally based power) 4. referent power (personally based ) 5. expert power (personally based) |
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_____ is a job in an organization
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organizationally - based power
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____ is what you are like personally
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personally based
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_____ is because you occupy a position
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legitimate power
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_____ is a positively reinforce
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reward power
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____ is threats and punishment
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coercive power
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____ people like you and want to be like you (role model)
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referent power
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_____ specialized knowledge
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expert power
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____ power makes people dissatisfied
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coercion power
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_____ powers are more important
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personally based powers
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____ power is the most important
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expert power
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In B.C. there was the __________ = leaders are born not made
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the greatest man theory
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In last century we have been searching for _____= distinctive characteristics of an individual that define leadership
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traits
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Some small positive correlations to _______ are charisma; knowledge; honest; inspirational; forward looking; somewhat intellegent ; need for power
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leadership
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The __________ consisted of The Ohio state studies , University of Michigan, and Blake and Mouton (managerial grid)
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1960's behavioral phase
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_______:
1. initiating structure (getting the job done; task) 2. consideration (attending to the employee) 3. 70% of the behavior of leaders are described by these 2 behaviors |
The Ohio State Studies
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______
1. task centered behaviors (job or productivity) 2. employee centered behaviors |
university of michigan
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______
1. now called leadership grid (9,9 grid) 2. improverish, authority-obeidence , country club and team |
Blake and Mouton (managerial grid)
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______ is the ideal way to manage people
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team leader
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What are the 3 situational leadership theories?
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1. fieldler's contingency theory
2. House's path-goal theory 3. Hersey & Blanchard (life cycle theory) |
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_____ your personality that determine whether you are relationship oriented or task oriented
LPC and Ideal situation |
Fiedler's contingency theory
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_____ measures your personality ; low LPC= task oriented, high LPC = relationship oriented
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least-preferred coworker
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_______ measures high position power , good leader, high task structure
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IDeal situation
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____ supervisor can hire and fire
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high position power
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___ member relations
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good leader
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____ specific steps to follow to get the job done ; match personality to work situations
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high task structure
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____ is very task oriented and is very unfavorable
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low LPC's
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____ is relationship oriented and moderately unfavorable
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high LPC's
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_____ is flexible in choosing our leadership style dependent on the situation of the characteristics of the employees
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House's path-goal theory
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for ______ there are 4 leadership styles and four situations
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house's path goal theory
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What are the four leadership styles of house's path goal theory ?
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1. directive leadership style
2. supportive leadership style 3. acheivement oriented 4. participattive style |
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What are the four situations of House's path goal theory?
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1. stressful environment
2. new employees who dont know what they are doing 3. professionals who are mature 4. difficult decision to make and need employees committment |
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_____ are task centered (michigan ) or initiating structure (ohio state)
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directive leadership style
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____ empolyee ceneter (michighan) or consideration (ohio st)
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supportive leadership
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____ challenging goals; high expectations that they acheived
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achievement oriented
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____ empolyees give their opinions about what should be done
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participative style
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_____ situation uses directive leadership style
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stressful environment
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___situaiton uses supportive leadership style
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new employees who dont know what htey are doing
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____ situationn uses acheivement oriented style
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professionals who are mature
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____ situation uses participative style
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difficult decision to make and need employee's commitment
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________:
1. situation factor 2. tell, sell, participate and delegate |
HErsey and blanchard (life cycle theory)
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_____ employee readiness or employee maturity
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situational factor
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What are the 2 contemporary leadership theories?
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1. transformational vs transactional leaderships
2. Leader member exchange( LMX) by george graen |
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______ are real leaders ; major change, vision, intellecutally stimulating, charismatic, individualized consideration
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transformational leaders
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____ are merely managers; manage by exception and manage by exchange
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transcactional leaders
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true or false : both transofmration and transactional leaders are needed
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true
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supervisors assign certain people to their ingroup and others to their out group; ______ gets special attention and assignemtns (get more and more promotions) ; ____ get treated in a contractual way
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in- group
out group |
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In communication ____ is clarifying or verifying a message
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feedback
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im sorry is used by ___
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women
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positive feedback is used by __
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women
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indirect when giving instructions ___
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women
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act confident even when they dont know ____
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men
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___ ask questions
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women
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Whoa re the best communivators?
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women
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Who are more likely to get promoted ?
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men
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_____ in communication there is a need to do both
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gender flex
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best communicators in interpersonal relationships are ____
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women
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true or false: sender --> encodes message --> sends on channel --> decoded by receiver --> (feedback[clarify - nodding of head])--> back to sender
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true
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___ richeness of information (how much information gets passed
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channel
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data, memo, personal letters, thelephoen( voice tone), and face to face are _____ channels
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leanest
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choose what channel is appropriate in the situation will provide ____ channel
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richest
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____ is the least channel
___ is the most channel |
data
face to face (see expressions and emotions) |
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Over ____ % of what we communicate is nonverbal
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90%
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_____ are 50% of our non verables and have universal meaning
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facial expressions
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____ is 38% of our non verbals
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voice tone
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What are means of non verbal communication?
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1. facial expressions
2. voice tone 3. eye contact 4. body language 5. gestures 6. touch 7. distance |
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0-18" is intimate space
18" - 4 ' - personal space for friends and family 4' - 8 ' is social space 8-12' or more is public space |
distance as nonverbal communication
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____ :
improve communication by increasing the arena learning about blindspots |
johari window
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Should we keep our facade?
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it is more important to get rid of blond spots in the work place than facade; both of these will increase the arena
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To get rid of the blind spot ask for ____
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feedback
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to get rid of the facade _____
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self disclose
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What are the 2 types of organizational communication?
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1. formal communication (vertical communication)
2. grapevine (informal communication ) |
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_____ is down the chain-borinng; perforamce feedback; indoctrination and slow
or pass up - summerize and without ( not very good communication) |
formal communication (vertical communication)
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____ is interesting and very fast; 75% accurate; better communication
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grapevine; the further you move up in the organization the less you will be in the grapevine
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What are the 2 types of control in Controlling Function?
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1. constant controls
2. periodic controls |
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_____ is the most important constant control
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employee self control
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employee self control, group norms and organizaitonal culture are ______
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constant controls
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auditing function, managment informaiton systems, and budegets are ______
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periodic controls
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gantt chart (bar chart) and pert diagram (flow chart) are _____
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project controls
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____ getting after the fact
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feedback
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____ getting information so that avoid probems (before)
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feedforward
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Which approach do managers prefer ? feed back or feed forward?
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feedforward
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