Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is local anesthesia?
|
Local anesthesia: reversible loss of sensation to painful stimuli(analgesia) limited to a local area
|
|
What is local anesthetic drug?
|
Local anesthetic drug: is drug that when applied locally to nerve tissue causes reversible blockade of nerve impulse conduction
|
|
Name four Aminoester(ester-linked) local anesthetics
|
Cocaine
-Procaine -Tetracaine -Benzocaine * remember the trick one i* |
|
Name four Aminoamide(amide-linked) local anesthetics:
|
Lidocaine
-Mepivacaine -Bupivacaine -Ropivacaine *Remember the trick 2 i's* |
|
What are the two ways that local anesthetics block sodium channel in the cell membrane
|
voltage gated
concentration dependent |
|
What is the MOA of local anesthetics?
|
Membrane-stabilizing agents
-Block sodium channel (voltage gated) in the cell membrane -Block sodium channel (concentration dependent) in cell membrane -Prevent sodium inflow -Prevent depolarization of nerve cell and stop conduction of nerve impulses |
|
Local anesthetics are weak ______(acid/base) (Quaternary amines) formulated as ___________
|
bases, hydrochloride salts
|
|
In the uptake of local anesthetics The salt form is inactive until dissociate in tissue fluid to active ______________ (what+ what)
|
base+hydrochloride
|
|
In the uptake of anesthetic, inflammed tissue is acidic so what does it do to the absorption of anesthetic.( increase/reduce)
|
reduce
|
|
Local anesthetic is well absorbed through all the following EXCEPT:
-Mucous membranes -Serosal surfaces -Respiratory epithelium -intact skin -Intramuscular deposition -Injured skin |
Absorbed poorly through intact skin
|
|
In the Classification and function of nerve fibers which fiber includes alpha, beta, gamma and delta
|
Myelinated A-fibers ( also know which ones transmit what actions on ppt)
|
|
Which nerve fibers are preganglionic sympathetic?
|
Myelinated B-fibers
|
|
Which nerve fiber transmits Pain, temperature and are Postganglionic sympathetic?
|
Nonmyelinated C-fibers
|
|
Put the following in order from low to high sensitivity:
Myelinated A delta fibers Myelinated A alpha fibers C fibers |
Aa fibers
A delta fibers C fibers |
|
Sensitivity disappears in what particular order? List them (hint: there are six of them)
|
Pain, cold, warmth, touch, joint, deep pressure
|
|
T/F Motor function can be maintained after all sensation is lost
|
True
|
|
What Aminoester is derived from Alkaloid of the leaf ‘ Erythroxylon coca
|
Cocaine
|
|
What is the standard drug for comparison and the prototype of all local anesthetics?
|
Procaine hydrochloride(Novocaine)
|
|
What drug is NOT recommended for topical admin. because of poor absorption
|
Procaine hydrochloride(Novocaine)
|
|
You are performing surgery on the cornea on the eye of a dog, what drug should you use?
|
Tetracaine hydrochloride (Pontocaine)
|
|
What drug is 10-15x more potent thanProcaine hydrochloride(Novocaine)
|
Tetracaine hydrochloride (Pontocaine
|
|
What drug Block sodium channel by expansion pressure not by binding
|
Benzocaine
|
|
What drug may cause methemoglobinemia in cats if used on the larynx of pharynx?
|
Benzocaine also Prilocaine was mentioned but not specifically for cats
|
|
What drug is used to anesthetize fish?
|
Benzocaine
|
|
benzocaine+butamben+tetracaine
are used in the prep. of what drug? |
Cetacaine
|
|
What is erythema?
|
A skin condition characterized by redness and rash
|
|
What drug can cause a localized allergy like erythema?
|
Benzocaine
|
|
What drug is a Most stable compound (resists boiling, acid and alkali and has Superior penetration compared with procaine
|
Lidocaine hydrochloride(Xylocaine, Lignocaine)
|
|
What drug has Antiarrhythmic and Antishock effects (may produce hypotension in some animals)
|
Lidocaine
|
|
Antiarrythmic
-Can be infused IV continuously with inhalation anesthesia to augment analgesia -Antiinflammatory effects -Prokinetic effect These are all actions of what drug NOT related to anesthesia |
Lidocaine
|
|
What drug Should be avoided in pregnant animals(toxic to infants)
|
Mepivacaine HCl(Carbocaine)
|
|
What drug is most often used in equine limb block
|
Mepivacaine HCl(Carbocaine)
|
|
What drug May produce CNS and cardiac toxicity
|
Bupivacaine(Marcaine)
|
|
What drug causes Causes vasoconstriction at lower than 0.5% and vasodilatation at higher than 1%
|
Ropivcaine(Naropin)
|
|
List the six topical anesthetics that we've learned:
|
-Butacaine (butya sulphate)
-Tetracaine(pontocaine) -Piperocaine (metycaine) -Proparacaine (ophthaine) -Benzocaine/butamben/tetracaine (cetacaine) -EMLA cream(lidocaine and prilocaine mixture |
|
sprayed on mucous membrane
-Dropped into the eye -Infused in the urethra -Injected in the synovial membrane or pleural Are all methods of local anesthetic application under what category? |
surface anesthesia
|
|
-Diffuse infiltration of operative area
-sensitive tissue (skin, mucous membrane of mouth, nose, rectum, anus) - Insensitive tissue e.g. fat, muscle, bone, cartilage) Are all methods of local anesthetic application under what category? |
Infiltration anesthesia
|
|
List five uses of infiltration anesthesia
|
Minimize or prevent pain
-Facilitate surgery -skin incision -removal of superficial tumors -wound repair |
|
Epidural block
-Spinal anesthesia (subarachnoid space) Intraarticular anesthesia Intravenous regional anesthesia Subsynovial anesthesia Are all methods of local anesthetic application under what category? |
Regional (perineural) anesthesia
|
|
What drug may cause local or systemic allergic reactions
|
Procaine
|
|
What are five ways to prevent toxicity:
|
Use low volume
-Use low concentration -Know you anatomy -Avoid accidental IV injection -Use vasoconstriction drugs |
|
What is one drug used for vasoconstriction?
|
Epinephrine
|
|
Cardiac arrhythmia
-Ventricular fibrillation Are side effects of what drug? |
Epinephrine
|
|
What Drug(enzyme) used to hasten the time of onset of local anesthetic
-Increases tissue penetration -Decrease duration of action of anesthetics |
Hyaluronidase
|
|
T/F you should always inject an anesthetic in inflamed tissue to get better results
|
FALSE!!!!!
|