Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What kingdoms are composed of eukaryotes? |
animalia, plantae, fungi, protista |
|
Which kingdoms are composed of organisms with cell structures which do not have a membrane-bound nucleus? |
eubacteria, archaea |
|
What is the basis for classifying an organism as a prokaryote or a eukaryote? |
Types of cells or cellular structure |
|
Living organisms which can be seen only by using a microscope are |
microorganisms |
|
Contributions made to microscope by Hans and Zacharias Janssen: |
2 glass lenses in a tube |
|
Contributions made to microscope by Galileo: |
principles of lenses, improved instrument could be focused |
|
Contributions made to microscope by Anton van Leeuwenkoek |
400 microscopes, single lens microscope capable of 270x of magnification |
|
Contributions made to microscope by Robert Hooke |
compound microscopes |
|
Contributions made to microscope by Charles A. Spencer |
amazing quality of microscope |
|
Contributions made to microscope by Max Knott and Ernst Ruska |
electron microscope |
|
What is a "flea glass"? |
magnifying glass |
|
What word did Leeuwenhoek use to describe what he saw in a single drop of rain water? |
animalcules |
|
What is the significance of Robert Hooke's description of a cork viewed under a microscope? |
He's credited to first identifying and using the term "cells" to describe why compartments or chambers that made up the cork |
|
How can a light microscope create a magnified image? |
Focuses a light source at a specimen through a series of lenses |
|
What is the difference in the way an electron microscope works and a light microscope? |
Electron microscopes utilize streams of electrons which are accelerated in a vacuum and directed at a prepared specimen |
|
What limits the amount of magnification that can be produced using light? Why? |
As it's magnified higher and higher levels, the image becomes less and less sharp because of the limit of resolving power |
|
name 3 variations of the light telescope and a common use for each: |
Bright field microscope; biology systems, Dark field microscope; used to view unstained specimens, Polarizing light microscope; used to view molecules with highly-ordered patterns |
|
At what level of magnification are the best images produced using an electron microscope? |
250,000 times |
|
name 3 limitations to using an electron microscope to view a microorganism? |
price, preparation time, not possible to view a living organisms |
|
When using a __________ microscope, you would look through 2 eyepieces |
binocular |
|
What part of a microscope rotates to change from the low power objective lens to the high power objective lens? |
revolving nosepiece |
|
When are you never supposed to use the coarse adjustment knob? |
when using a high power objective lens |
|
Which lens is closest to your eye when looking through a microscope? |
ocular lens |
|
Which lens is closest to the object that you are viewing? |
objective lens |
|
How do you figure the total magnification? |
multiply the ocular lens and objective lens magnification |
|
Name 2 kingdoms where all prokaryotes are classified: |
eubacteria and archaea |
|
Name 4 kingdoms where all eukaryotes are classified: |
animalia, plantae, fungi, and protista |
|
3 disadvantages to using an electron microscope to view microorganisms |
price, preparation time, and the fact that you can't view living organisms |
|
resolving power |
ability to tell 2 points apart |
|
objective lens |
magnifying lens closest to the specimen |
|
optical microscope |
magnifies an object using light and lenses |
|
monocular |
single body tube |
|
electron microscope |
magnifies using streams of electrons |
|
prokaryote |
cell with no membrane-bound structures |
|
binocular |
two eyepieces |
|
ocular lens |
lens found in the eyepiece |
|
eukaryote |
cell with a true nucleus |
|
As a predecessor to today's microscopes, ___________ was used to focus the sun's light in order to start a fire |
burning glass |
|
The Englishman who first used the term "cells" to describe tiny compartments which made up cork was |
Robert Hooke |
|
Galileo used ________________ to examine the principles of lenses, thus improving on previous attempts at magnification |
mathematics |
|
The Dutchman, ____________ was the first to carefully document observations of blood cells, sperm cells, and other microorganisms |
Leewenhoek |
|
_______ and _________, 2 16th century eyeglass makers, experiemented with glass lenses and a tube and found that objects could be magnified images with his microscopes |
Hans and Zacharias Janssen |
|
Very little has changed in the structure of light microscopes since the 1840s when an American, ___________, was able to significantly improve the quality of the magnified images with his microscopes |
Charles A. Spencer |
|
The electron microscope was invented in Germany by ___________ and ____________ during the 1930s |
Max Knott and Ernst Ruska |
|
Number following items in order from your eye to the specimen on the stage of your microscope: objective lens, body tube, ocular lens, cover slip, revolving nosepiece |
ocular lens, body tube, revolving nosepiece, objective lens, cover slip |
|
Give 3 reasons why fungi are no longer classified as plants: |
They don't produce their food using chlorophyll, no tissue differentiation, cells walls of fungi are composed of chitin |
|
symbiosis |
mutually beneficial relationship between 2 species |
|
parasite |
animal or plant that lives in or on a host |
|
saprophyte |
organism which obtains food from non-living organic material |
|
Multicellular fungi are composed of thread-like structures called __________ which group together to form ____________ to perform specific functions |
hyphae and mycelia |
|
Explain how rhizoids function to obtain food for a fungus |
produces an enzyme that breaks down organic material into smaller molecules |
|
In fungus, the reproductive structures are called ______. From these structures, ________ are released from which a complete fungus can grow. |
fruiting bodies and spores |
|
The common grouping of fungi into the club fungi group or the sac fungi group are based on what characteristic? |
Shape of actual structures which produce spores |
|
Name the 4 phyla of fungi you will be studying in this section: |
Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Chytridiomycota |
|
List at least 4 common organisms that are part of the phylum Basidiomycota: |
mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, smufs |
|
brief description of this part of a mushroom: cap |
umbrella-shaped top; fruiting body |
|
brief description of this part of a mushroom: gills |
underside of top; reproductive spores produced and released |
|
brief description of this part of a mushroom: stalk |
stem like support structure |
|
brief description of this part of a mushroom: ring |
found on stalk, left over from protective covering from first development |
|
brief description of this part of a mushroom: rhizoids |
Can't be seen without magnification; under cup; grows into organic material mushroom depends on as its food source |
|
What is the scientific name of the most common mushroom you find in the grocery store? |
Agaricus bisporis |
|
List 2 common organisms which are part of the phylum Ascomycota |
yeasts and morels |
|
The _______ is the name of the fruiting body for all sac fungi |
ascas |
|
Where are more morels commonly found growing? |
forest floors |
|
Define budding |
asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from a portion of the parent cell that has pinched off |
|
Define fermentation |
breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones by a living organism |
|
What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
baker's yeast; makes bread rise |
|
What is Ceratocystis ulmi |
responsible for Dutch elm disease |
|
What is Penicillium chrysogenum |
penicillin; changed the world of medicine in ways no other discovery since it was discovered has rivaled |
|
Most species in the kingdom Zygomycota are ______________________ which feed on decaying plant and animal material |
terrestrial saprophytes |
|
Briefly describe the sexual reproduction cycle for zygomycetes |
The positive and negative mating cells combine, forming gametangia, which combines even further to form a zygote, which combines even further to form a complete zygospore |
|
brief description of this part of a mold: sporangiophore |
tiny stalk-like structure of mycelia |
|
brief description of this part of a mold: sportangium |
where spores are produced and released |
|
brief description of this part of a mold: stolon |
long hyphae that make up the "fuzz" we see on a moldy surface |
|
Give 2 reasons that chyrids differ significantly from other fungi |
They're mainly aquatic, and their reproductive cells are flagellated, which means they have a tail-like structure that allows them to propel themselves through the water |
|
The cell wall of fungi is composed of |
chitin |
|
Fungi are commonly grouped as _____ or ________ based on the structure of their fruiting bodies |
sac fungi or club fungi |
|
taxonomic category within a kingdom |
phylum |
|
obtain food from non-living organic material |
saprophyte |
|
break down of complex molecules into simpler ones |
fermentation |
|
multi-nucleated thread-like structures of fungi |
hyphae |
|
mycelia responsible for obtaining food |
rhizoids |
|
asexual reproduction of yeast |
budding |
|
a group of hyphae |
mycelia |
|
reproductive cells which can tolerate bad conditions |
spores |
|
structures which house the reproductive formation |
fruiting bodies |
|
mutually positive relationship between 2 species |
symbiosis |
|
plant or animal which supports a parasite |
host |
|
Agaricus bisporis |
common edible mushroom |
|
Penicillium chrysogenum |
produces common anitbiotic |
|
Saccharomyces cerevisae |
baker's yeast |
|
Ceratocytis ulmi |
elm tree parasite |
|
Give 2 reasons members of the phylum Chytridiomycota are sometimes grouped in the kingdom Protista rather than the kingdom Fungi |
1,000 members of this phylum are aquatic and reproductive cells are flagellated |
|
Who is credited with discovering penicillin? |
Sir Alexander Fleming |
|
______ used mathematics to examine the principles of lenses, thus improving on previous attempts at magnification |
Galileo |
|
What name did Robert Hooke give to the compartments in a cork sample that he observed using a microscope? |
cells |
|
What are the parts of a mushroom from the top to the bottom? |
Cap, scales, gills, ring, stalk, cup, and rhizoids |
|
_______ is the general name for all animal-like protists |
Protozoans |
|
Describe homeostasis and how contractile vacuoles are involved in the process: |
Self-regulating exchange of water, dissolved materials, and dissolved gasses between an organism and its surroundings. Regulated through structure called contractile vacuoles |
|
Describe phagocytosis and how food vacuoles are involved in the process |
When a cell moves toward a tiny piece of food or cell moves tiny piece of food to particular location along cell membrane. encloses food particle and forms a food vacuole |
|
List the 6 phyla of animal-like protists and their mode of motility |
rhizopoda, pseudopodia; actinopoda, pseudopodia; forminifera, pseudopodia; ciliophora, cilia; zoomastigophora, flagella; and apicomplexa, not motile in adult stage |
|
In a eukaryotic cell, the nucleus and the _______ are the contents of every cell. During binary fission, this material is divided between the 2 daughter cells |
cytoplasm |
|
Describe the process of conjugation |
2 individual protozoa attach to each other and share genetic material. Then they separate and each individual divides by fission, creating 4 new individuals |
|
What is a cyst and why is it important to the survival of a particular species? |
protective covering that protects the species until bad conditions become good and safe |
|
Describe pseudopodia and their significance to an amoeboid protist |
They are extensions of a cell that act as false feet |
|
Discuss Entamoeba histolytica |
The cause of an intestinal disease in humans called amoebic dysentery |
|
What is the main component of the tiny shells of the members of the phylum Actinopoda? |
calcium carbonate (limestone) |
|
What is the main component of the tiny shells of the members of the phylum Foraminifera? |
Silicon |
|
_______ is the common name for Foraminifers |
Radiolarians |
|
Describe cilia and their significance to a ciliate |
Hair-like structures that move the ciliate by a constant beating action |
|
What structure is responsible for maintaining the consistent shape of a paramecium? |
pellicle |
|
discuss the travels of a bacterium that has just been located as food by a paramecium. |
Food moves through the oral grooves the continues to the end of the gullet. At the end of the gullet, the food is surrounded by the cell membrane which pinches off to form a food vacuole. It will move throughout the paramecium's cytoplasm as the food is digested. The waste product is released through the anal pore |
|
What characteristic makes the cell of a paramecium exceptional compared to other eukaryotic cells? |
It has 2 distinct nuclei |
|
describe conjugation between 2 paramecium |
2 paramecium attach to each other at their oral surface where a cytoplasm bridge connects them. Inside each cell, changes are made to the nuclear material in both the micronucleus and the micronucleus. At 1 point, genetic material crosses the cytoplasmic bridge between the micronuclei of each paramecium |
|
Zooflagellates move by means of a whip-like structure called a |
flagella |
|
What 2 locations might you find zooflagellates living in? |
fresh water or organisms |
|
How does longitudinal binary fission differ from other forms of binary fission? |
The daughter cells mirror each other |
|
Discuss the 2 ways in which insect vectors carry a disease from 1 human to another |
it can transmit it into the blood stream by bite or by having the cyst stick to you when they land on you |
|
Describe the relationship between a termite and trichonympha |
The trichonympha lives in the termite's gut and digests the wood for it because termites can't digest wood |
|
All species of the phylum Apicomplexa are |
parasites |
|
what is 1 known function of the apical complex |
it's the key structure for the parasites to be able to enter and interact with their host cells |
|
What's the importance of the sexual and asexual portions of the erythrocytic cycle of the Plasmodium life cycle |
The asexual portion bursts the red blood cells, causing fever and chills. The sexual portion releases spores into the blood stream |
|
The _________ is the insect vector for malaria |
Anopheles mosquito |
|
Which group of humans is likely to experience the most devastating symptoms of toxoplasmosis? |
babies in the womb |
|
cell with membrane-bound structures |
eukaryote |
|
organism's response to a stimulus |
taxis |
|
ability to tell 2 points apart |
resolving power |
|
response to a chemical |
chemotaxis |
|
conjugation |
sexual reproduction in some protozoans |
|
response to light |
phototaxis |
|
What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: Ciliophora |
cilia |
|
What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: Giardia lamblia |
flagellum |
|
What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: Rhizopoda |
pseudopodia |
|
What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: Entamoeba histolytica |
pseudopodia |
|
What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: Paramecium caudatum |
cilia |
|
What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: zoomastigophora |
flagellum |
|
What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: actinopoda |
pseudopodia |
|
What structure does the following organism utilize for mobility: trichonymphia |
flagellum |
|
Name a few structures that are part of the process of phagocytosis in a ciliate |
oral groove, gullet, and food vacuole |
|
The members of the phylum _____ are all parasitic |
apicomplexa |
|
The insect vector for plasmodium vivax is the |
anopheles mosquito |
|
________ is the structure within a protozoan where enzymes are secreted to digest food |
food vacuole |
|
In common mold, the ______ is the tiny stalk-like structure that support the fruiting bodies where spores are produced and released |
sporangiophore |
|
The ____ of a microscope can be rotated to change the amount of light that is allowed to enter the microscope |
diaphragm |
|
The kingdom _______ contains prokaryotic organisms |
eubacteria |
|
Briefly describe how the 2 parts of the plasmodium erythrocytic cycle affect the human host |
The parts of the plasmodium erythrocytic cycle cause the symptoms of malaria by bursting red blood cells. The symptoms are fever and chills |
|
Choose 1 microscopic species that causes a human illness. Give the scientific name of the species, the disease it causes, the vector, and briefly describe the symptoms |
The scientific name of Hiker's disease is Giardia Liamblia. The vector is water-borne cysts and the symptoms are diarrhea and stomach cramps |