Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What joint moves primarily in through translation?
|
scapulea
|
|
The biceps brachii pulling on the radius to do elbow flexion is an example of what type of movement?
|
active movement
|
|
What plane separates the body into superior and inferior parts?
|
horizantal
|
|
abduction occurs around which axis of rotation?
|
anteroposterior
|
|
which of the following joints has 2 degrees of freedom?
wrist shoulder hip elbow |
wrist
|
|
name a joint of the body that represents a hinge joint - how many degrees of freedom does it have?
|
Elbow - 1
|
|
name a joint in the body that represents a pivot joint - how many degrees of freedom does it have?
|
proximal and distal radioulnar - 1
|
|
name a joint in the body that represents a ellipsoid joint - how many degrees of freedom does it have?
|
radiocarpal (wrist) - 2
|
|
name a joint in the body that represents a ball and socket joint - how many degrees of freedom?
|
shoulder and hip - 3
|
|
name a joint in the body that represents a plane joint -how many degrees of freedom does it have?
|
joints between proximal carpal bones; sacraoiliac - 1
|
|
name a joint in the body that represents a saddle joint and how many degrees of freedom does it have?
|
carpometacarpal of thumb - 2-3
|
|
name a joint in the body that represents a bicondylar joint - how many degrees of freedom does it have?
|
knee - 2
|
|
describe a close-packed position
|
there is maximal contact between articular surfaces
|
|
name the 5 type of musculoskeletal forces
|
1) tension - pulling force
2)compression - pushing force 3)bending - combines tension and compression 4)shear - forces act in parallel but opposite directions 5)torsion - twisting force |
|
give an example of a distal on proximal movement
|
kicking a ball
|
|
give an example of proximal on distal movement
|
sitting up
|
|
name the tree fundamental movements that occur between convex and concave joint surfaces
|
rolling, sliding and spinning
|
|
what is the mechanical advantage of a class II lever?
|
greater than one
|
|
a muscle lengthening during a long, evenly loaded stretch is an example of what?
|
creep
|
|
what is a rate of loading?
|
how fast do I stretch the tissue - viscoelastic tissues become stiffer as the rate of loading increases. protects the underlying bone
|
|
on the stress-strain curve, define stress
|
the amount of tension in a ligament - internal foce generated to resist deformation divided by it cross sectional area
|
|
on the stress-strain curve, define strain
|
how much the tissues actually deforms relative to its original length - how much a ligament can stretch
|
|
on the stress-strain curve, define stiffness
|
ratio of stress to strain - stiffer tissues do not have to be stretched as much to produce the same amount of tension - thicker ligament stretch less then thin legaments
|
|
on the stress-strain curve what is the elastic zone?
|
amount of stretch a legaments does during normal activities - the tissue returns to its normal length
|
|
on the stress-strain curve what is the plastic zone?
|
abnormally large stretch and begins to microscopically break down. - danger zone.
|
|
immediately following a power stroke, what must bind to the myosin heads before they release from actin?
|
ATP
|
|
What is a sarcomere?
|
the basic contractile unit of the myofibril - the region between z-lines.
|
|
What are found within the myofibril?
|
microfilaments
|
|
name the three type of microfilmanets
|
thick
thin troponin-toponmyosin complex |
|
what are thick filament?
|
they are molecular motors made up of myosin tails and myosin heads
|
|
what are thin filaments?
|
binding sites for molecular motors made up of actin molecules and molecular binding sites
|
|
what are troponin-tropomyosin complex
|
covers binding sites on actin
|
|
name one advantage and one disadvantage of having pennations in mucle
|
adv - muscle strength
disadv - decreased ROM |
|
what is an anatomical cross section of a muscle
|
measures the cross sectional mass of a muscle and describes physical size of a muscle
|
|
what is a physiological cross section of a muscle?
|
measure perpendicular to all of the fiber orientations within a muscle and describes the strength of a muscle
|
|
what is a strap muscle?
|
length is greater than the width, muscle fibers are few in number and tend to have alot of range of motion. example sartorius and gracilis
|
|
what is a fusiform muscle?
|
fibers run approximately parallel. typically have a rounded belly and narrowed tendons. this allows us to have a decent muscle that can attach to a small bony landmark. example - biceps brachii
|
|
what is a unipennate muscle?
|
short oblique fibers arise from one side of a central tendon. penna means feather. strong, less ROM examples - most antebrachial muscles
|
|
what is a bipennate muscle?
|
short, obique fibers arise from both sides of a central tendon. example - rectus remoris
|
|
what is a multipennate muscle?
|
complex branching form of the bipennate type. example: deltoid and gluteus medius
|
|
what is the purpose of different archeitectures of muscles?
|
depending on either increase strength or ROM.
|
|
what is the corpus collosom?
|
allows communication between both sides of the brain
|
|
frontal lobe
|
initiates voluntary skeletal muscle activity and analyzes sensory information, provides responses related to personality, memory judgment, planning and communication
|
|
parietal lobe
|
sometesthetic communication (our awareness of our own body), cutaneous and muscular sensations, understanding speech, form words to express thoughts and emotion interprets textures and shapes
|
|
occipital lobe
|
interpretation of movements that focus on the eye, correlation of visual images with previous experience and other stimuli and conscious perceptions of vision
|
|
temporal lobe
|
integration of auditory sensation, storage of auditory and visual experiences.
|
|
motor cortex
|
THE POSTERIOR MOST GYRUS OF THE FONTAL LOBE. THIS IS WHERE ALL UPPER MOTOR NEURON CELL BODIES ARE LOCATRED
|
|
somatotopy
|
body map located within the motor cortex.
|
|
where are the cell bodies of the lower MOTOR neurons located?
|
ventral horn
|
|
what is it called when motor units work in shifts?
|
synchronous recruitment
|
|
where do synapses occur?
|
gray matter
|
|
motor neurons travel from the motor cortex to spinal cord in which tract?
|
corticospinal
|
|
which neurons connect directly to muscle cells?
|
lower motor neurons
|
|
which term means body map on the motor cortex?
|
somatotophy
|
|
which part of the brain is responsible for corrdinating motor output?
|
cerebullum
|
|
a simple reflex arc includes which two components?
|
sensory neuron and lower motor neuron
|
|
what is the nurotransmitter that binds to receptor sites on the sarcolemma to initiate an action potentail along the sarcolemma
|
acetylcholine
|
|
through what does the upper neuron axons travel together in common descending pathway to the spinal cord?
|
corticospinal tract located in the white matter - upper motor neuron cell body's are located in the motor cortex and their axons move down through this tract.
|
|
how do the upper motor neuron axons exit the coritcospinal tract at the associated region to synapse with the lower motor neuron?
|
through the spinal cord
|
|
Where are the lower motor neuron cell bodies located?
|
VENTRAL HORN - the anterior part of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
|
|
the axons of the lower motor neurons travel through spinal nerves to muscle cells for what purpose?
|
simulate the muscle cells to generate tension.
|
|
what are reflexes
|
movements that do not require input from the brain. it happens in the spinal cord
|
|
are sensory neurons affereant or efferent?
|
afferant
|
|
are motor neurons afferent or efferent?
|
efferent
|
|
what are processing neurons?
|
neurons only located in the cns
|
|
What is synchronous recruitment?
|
adding more motor units until you can lift the load
|
|
where is calcium stored within a muscle cell when it is at rest?
|
sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
the nuclear bag and nuclear chain muscle cells are examples of which type of muscle cell?
|
intrafusal
|
|
as the electrical energy moves down the sarcolemma, what structure does it use to travel deep into the muscle cell?
|
t-tubules
|
|
Which structure senses tension within a muscle tendon?
|
golgi tendon organ
|
|
what reflex deactivates contracting muscles to reduce the tension?
|
Golgi tendon
|
|
which intrafusal muscle fiber monitors static length of a muscle?
|
nuclear bag fibers
|
|
what neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
|
acetylcholine
|
|
when a stretch reflex is activated within a muscle, what does the antagonist muscle do?
|
relax
|
|
what monitors the length of a muscle during rest and movements as well as speed of stretch or contraction?
|
muscle spindle
|
|
which intrafusal muscle fiber detects the the velocity of length change?
|
nuclear chain fiber
|
|
what detects a intrafusal fiber shape change and sends info to the CNS?
|
sensory neurons
|
|
what is a muscle spindle reflex?
|
a stretched muscle will contract to prevent damage from excessive stretch. antagonist muscle are deactivated
|
|
what detects tension in tendon?
|
golgi tendon organ
|
|
what is a golgi tendon reflex?
|
when tension is a tendon nears the point of damage, the muscle is deactivated to alleviate the tension. antagonist muscles are activated
|
|
which ligament anchors the dens to the atlas?
|
cruciform ligament
|
|
which part of the vertebra is missing on the atlas?
|
body
|
|
which ligament is a continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the atlanto-axial region?
|
anterior atlanto occipital membrane
|
|
which cervical ligament is a continuation off the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments?
|
ligamentum nuchae
|
|
which curve is located in the cervical region?
|
lordotic
|
|
which of the following limits flexion of the neck?
|
ligamentum nuchae
|
|
what is the ROM for flexion of the neck?
|
53 degrees
|
|
what is the range of motion for hyperextension of the neck?
|
80 degrees
|
|
the superior articular facets of the thoracic vertebrae face which direction?
|
posterior
|
|
which action is the atlanto-occipital joint specialized for?
|
flexion-extension
|
|
what is the landmark of the cervical vertebrae?
|
transverse foramen
|
|
what is the landmark of the thoracic vertebrae?
|
transverse costal facet - place where the the tubicale of the rib articulates
|
|
what is the landmark of the lumbar vertebrae?
|
Mammillary and accessory process' place for muscles to attach to.
|
|
what is the tough outer ring of the intervertebral discs?
|
annulus fibrosis
|
|
what is the gelatinous mucoid tissue in the center?
|
nucleus pulposis
|
|
what is the primary function of the atlas?
|
support the head
|
|
what is the tooth like projection on the axis (c2)?
|
dens
|
|
what is the bicondylar joint formed by the occiput and the atlas?
|
atlanto-occipital joint
|
|
what does the atlanto-occipital joint allow?
|
independent movement of the head - yes/no pattern
|
|
what is the median atlantoaxial joint?
|
pivot joint formed by the anterior surface of the dens and the posterior surface of the anterior arch of the atlas
|
|
what is the lateral atlantoaxial joint?
|
plant joints formed by the inferior articular facets of the atlas and the superior articular facets of the axis.
|
|
the median and lateral atlantoaxial joint do what?
|
40 - 45 degrees of rotation
|
|
what degrees of movement do the intercervical joints (C2-C7) have?
|
35 degrees of flexion-extension
70 degrees of hyperextension 45 degrees of rotation 35 degrees of lateral flexion |
|
what three bones are part of the should complex?
|
humerus
scapula clavicle |
|
how many degrees of freedom does the sternoclavicular joint have?
|
3
|
|
why is the scapulothoracic joint not considered a true joint/
|
because it attches bone to muscle
|
|
which muscle would eccentrically flex the neck ?
|
splenius capitis
|
|
what are the two landmarks in the lumbar region that represent the "true transverse processes"
|
accessory process
mamillary process |
|
the intertransversarii, interspinales, rotators and levatores costarum muscles probably perform what function?
|
proprioception
|
|
what type of cartilage covers the articulating surfaces within the sternoclavicular joint?
|
fibrocartlage
|
|
the deepest ligament within a joint is always which one?
|
capsular ligament/fibrous membrane
|
|
what will restrict the extension of the neck?
|
there are no restrictions
|
|
Where is the thoracolumbar hinge?
|
T12 - the superior articular facets of T12 face posterior, the inferior articular facets face lateral. this allow for greater mobility.
|
|
what is the range of motion for lateral rotation of the glenohumeral joint?
|
65 degrees
|
|
elevation of the scapulothoracic is a compination of which two actions?
|
elevation of the sternoclavicular joint and downward rotation of the aromioclavicular joint
|
|
which muscle does eccentric downward rotation fo the scapulothoracic joint?
|
trapezius
|
|
which muscle is the initiator of abduction of the glenohumeral joint?
|
supraspinatus
|
|
explain the scapulohumeral rhythm
|
ratio - for every 2 degrees the humerus moves the scaula moves 1 degree
|
|
what is the ROM of up rotation of the scapulothoracic joint?
|
60
|
|
what is the range of motion of hyperextension of the glenohumerl joint?
|
50
|
|
how many degrees of freedom does the glenohumerl joint have?
|
3
|
|
what are the restriction to movement for extension of the glenohumeral joint?
|
there are none
|
|
what is the function of the glenoid labrum?
|
makes a deeper socket for the humorus head.
|
|
what is the pectorial girdle?
|
subset of the shoulder complex and made up of the clavicle and scapula.
|
|
what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
|
saddle
|
|
why is it covered with fibrocartlage instead of hyaline cartlage?
|
shock absorbtion
|
|
what is the scapulothoracic joint?
|
not an actual joint, but rather a description given to the interface between the anterior surface of the scapula and the posterior and lateral surface of the thorax/ribcage. the movements of this "joint" are acctually an amalgamation of movements from the SC and AC joint.
|
|
what is the prime mover for upward or lateral rotation of the scapulothoracic joint?
|
serratus anterior
|
|
what is the prime mover for downward or medial rotation of the scapulothoracic joint?
|
trapezius and serratus anterior
|
|
what is the prime mover for protraction (abduction) of the scapulothoracic joint?
|
serratus anterior
|
|
what is the prime mover for retraction or adduction of the scapulothoracic joint?
|
trapezius
|
|
what is the prime mover for elevation of the scapulothoracic joint?
|
trapezius
|
|
what is the prime mover for depression of the scapulothoracic joint?
|
levator scapulae
|
|
what is the shoulder joint called?
|
glenohumeral joint
|
|
what degrees of movement does the glenohumeral joint do?
|
120 degrees of flexion/extension
180 degrees of flexion/extension with upward rotation of the scapulothoracic joint. 45 - 55 degrees hyperextension 90-120 abduction/adduction 75 - 85 degrees medial internal rotation 60-70 lateral (external) rotation |
|
what is the prime mover for flexion of the glenohumeral joint?
|
pectoralis major
|
|
what is the prime mover for extension of the glenohumeral joint?
|
posterior deltoid
|
|
what is the prime mover for hyperextension of the glenohumeral joint?
|
posterior deltoid
|
|
what is the prime mover for abduction of the glenohumeral joint?
|
supraspinatus
|
|
what is the prime mover for adduction of the glenohumeral joint?
|
latissimus dorsi
|
|
what is the prime mover for medail or internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint?
|
Latissimus dorsi
|
|
what is the interosseous membrane?
|
thin sheet of dense regular collagenous connective tissue that runs distomedially between most of the length of the radius and ulna connecting the two bones together.
|
|
anterior tip of the sacrum relative to the os coxa is what?
|
nutation
|
|
what action does the rectus abdominis do at the sacroiliac joint?
|
nutation
|
|
what is the range of motion of hip hyperextenstion with knee flexed?
|
0
|
|
which nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle?
|
long thoracic
|
|
which structure makes up the lateral border of the quadrangular space?
|
humerus
|
|
which nerve passes through the muscle belly of the coracorbrachialis?
|
musculocutaneous
|
|
if a client lost all extension of the upper limb, what nerve would be affected?
|
radial
|