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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The word infant comes from Latin, meaning ______________. |
Without language |
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In terms of age, infancy means __________. |
From birth until about 1 yrs old |
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Development = ____________ |
Change |
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Change = ____________ |
Alteration in structure or process |
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What are the 3 types of change? |
Temporary, unexpected and developmental |
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What is the most common type of change? |
Temporary |
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We assume ___________ change does not cause any permanent change in child’s growth or wellbeing |
Temporary |
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What is an example of unexpected change? |
Head injury causing brain damage |
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___________ change is NOT considered development and is simply just a change. |
Unexpected |
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________ change means that the alteration is orderly, we know when it’s going to happen. |
Developmental |
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________ change lasts a reasonable amount of time, it’s is not reversible (permanent) and usually the new state is judged to be more desirable than the one that is vanishing |
Developmental |
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_________ change is better organized, more complex and efficient (in other words, orderly, permanent, better) |
Developmental |
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Before the 17th century, infants were looked at as _________ creatures. |
Inferior |
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Many cultures practiced infanticide (killing of infants), often killed by being left to the elements, dying of exposure or start action, during what time period? |
Before the 17th century |
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During the 1800s, the stage of infancy began to be seen as _______ and ________ stage of life. |
Separate and important |
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True or false: in the 1800s infants’ rights were protected by the state |
True |
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More concern for the development of infants formed and they became beloved members of the family during which century? |
1900s |
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True or false: some historians believe child rearing practices have not changed dramatically throughout the century |
True |
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True or false: some historians believe babies have always been thought of as an important member of the family & while yes infanticide happened, it still happens in today’s world making it still the same as previous centuries |
True |
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True or false: History and culture does NOT greatly influence the way we raise our infants |
False, history and culture GREATLY influence the way we raise infants |
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Is there an intuitive way of taking care of a baby? |
No, it is a learned behavior |
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True or false: each generation of parents holds the SAME set of beliefs regarding care of infants |
False, each generation of parents holds a set of beliefs regarding the care of infants |
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Does a parents stage of development affect the way they respond to their infant? |
Yes, for instance a 35 yr old woman will respond to her baby differently than a 16 yr old mother would |
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What are important issues in development? 4 concepts |
1. Nature vs nurture? 2. Continuous or discontinuous? 3. Early or later experience? 4. University or diversity? |
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A ______ is a statement based on observation with which many people would agree |
Fact |
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_______ is an organized set of ideas & attempts to organize and explain facts |
Theory |
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_______ guides research and helps us determine what type of intervention strategies we should use |
Theory |
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What are 3 things that theories help us do? |
1. Help us see things we might not see 2. Helps us focus in on things 3. Helps us pay more attention |
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What is a down side to theories? |
They might limit our scope and keep us from seeing things |
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Should a theory reflect the real world? |
Yes |
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True or false: A theory does not need to be clearly stated |
False, it should be clearly stated |
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True or false: A theory should explain and predict |
True |
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True or false: a theory does not need to provide practical guidance |
False, it should provide practical guidance |
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True or false: a theory should be internally consistent |
True |
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T or F: a theory does not need to be economical |
False, it should be economical |
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T or F: a theory should not be falsifiable |
False, it should be falsifiable |
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Should a theory have convincing evidence? |
Yes |
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Does a theory accommodate new information ? |
Yes |
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T or F: A theory should not provide a a new view |
False, a theory should provide a new view |
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T or F: A theory should be reasonable |
True |
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Should a theory stimulate new research? |
Yes |
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T or F: A good theory does not have followers |
False, a good theory should have followers |
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T or F: a good theory is satisfying |
True |
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Piaget studied ______theory |
Cognitive |
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Bandura (modeling) theory is a part of what grand theory? |
Social learning |
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Piagets stages of development for cognitive theory were _______ ( 4 answers) |
1. Sensorimotor stage 2. Pre-operational 3. Concrete operations 4. Formal operations |
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Cognitive equilibrium involves what 2 concepts |
1. Assimilation (incorporate into existing ideas) 2. Accommodation (changes ideas) |
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Which two theorists worked with psychoanalytic theory? |
Freud and Erickson |
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Freud discovered that personality development took place in 5 psycho sexual stages, those being…. |
1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital |
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Psychoanalytic theory involves development determined by __________ motives and ________. |
Unconscious & drive |
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Which two theorists worked with behaviorism? |
Pavlov and Skinner |
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Pavlov specialized in ________? |
Classical conditioning |
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Classical conditioning associates _______. |
One item with another |
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The concept of behaviorism is … |
Observable behavior is all that matters |
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Skinner specialized in ______. |
Operant conditioning |
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Operant conditioning involves which 2 things? |
1. Reward 2. Punishment |
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Theories of development are referred to as |
Sociocultural |
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Sociocultural entails… |
Behavior cannot be understood without the context (culture) |
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Which theory is best for explaining human development? |
All of them - we can’t have one single theory explain every aspect of infant and child growth |
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Assumptions are…. |
When we suppose something to be true but we do not have proof |
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Where do assumptions about children come from? |
Word of mouth, personal experience, expert opinion, research evidence |
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Research evidence is obtained using _______ methods of measurement |
Valid and viable |
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T or F: a common assumption of infant care is that babies need a family |
True |
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T or F: Babies learn early |
True |
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T or F: babies are constantly learning from early until late in life |
True |
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T or F : babies do not have a self-righting tendency |
False, babies tend to have a way of fixing themselves or mistakes to a certain degree |
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T or F: many factors work together to determine how an infant develops |
True |
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True or False: interrelating means a baby of any age is a complex person of many abilities that cannot separate from each other |
True |
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True or false: we may have to make different assumptions as we get to know more |
True |
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Research is not ___ ____ with infants and things do not always go as expected |
Always easy |
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How many major difficulties are there with infant research? |
5 |
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What are the 5 difficulties with infant research? |
1. Predictability 2. Few subjects 3. Sampling 4. Access 5. Ethics |
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What are 5 considerations of ethics? |
1. Suitability 2. Confidentiality 3. Debriefing 4. Institutional review board (IRB) 5. 3rd World countries |
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We learn cause and effect only through ________ |
Experiments |
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If random assignment is used it is what type of experiment? |
Randomized or True experiment |
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If there is a control group or multiple measures, what type of experiment is it? |
Quasi-experiment |
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If there is no random assignment, control group or multiple measures is it an experiment? |
No, it is a non-experiment |
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How many variables are in a manipulated experiment and what are they? |
Two , the independent variable and the dependent variable |
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Experiments can be done in the _____ or in a _______ setting. |
Field , laboratory |
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T or F: infants may not respond naturally in a lab setting unlike at home (in the field) in their crib |
True |
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True or False: non-experiments are worse than true or quasi experiments |
False, they are not worse, just different |
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Methods of non experiments are (3 answers) |
1. Case studies 2. Surveys 3. Observations |
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________observations involve structure |
Systemic |
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______ observations involve doing something such as sitting in a corner somewhere observing or writing baby diaries like they did in the 1800s |
Nature |
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Correlation also means |
You take two things and see if they relate to each other |
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An example of ________ correlation would mean that you would see an increase in activity based on the study |
Positive |
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A _______ correlation would be if you saw a decrease in activity based on the study |
Negative |
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Can there be no correlation in a study? |
Yes you can have no correlation and there be no relation between the two things |
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Is .2 a strong correlation? |
No you want the number to be higher than .5 or .6 |
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Is .9 considered a good correlation? |
Yes |
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T or F: causation does not equal correlation |
True |
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In a _____ experiment the subjects experience a real life or natural change to their environment |
Natural (Quasi) |
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A _________ study, you observe people of one group repeatedly over time so you can look at long term effects |
Longitudinal |
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T or F: a con of longitudinal studies is that it is hard to keep up with subjects of the research study if it goes on for a long time |
True |
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Designs that help us look at things across ages and observe people at different ages are called ______ |
Cross sectional design |
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T or F: a pro of cross sectional studies is that they are usually faster and more efficient than a longitudinal study |
True |
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A ______ design is meant to overcome the weakness of longitudinal and cross sectional design by combining the two |
Sequential |
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During a ________ design, you observe people repeatedly over time and you can see trends soon and true cohort effects |
Sequential |