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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define sex
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the biological aspect of a person, usually involving chromosomal, anatomical, reproductive, and hormonal characteristics.
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Define social sex
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announced at birth and subsequently used to categorize a person as either male or female (a label)
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Define gender
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refers to "the widely shared expectations and norms within a society about appropriate male and female behaviour, characteristics, and roles"
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Define gender identity
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refers to self-identified gender
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During which psychosexual stages do children not have a gender identity?
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the oral and anal stages
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During which psychosexual stage is the gender identity/role acquired?
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the phallic stage
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According to the psychodynamic theory, focus of the ______ moves to the genitals and the development of girls and boys diverges.
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libido
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According to the social learning theory, how are gender identity and roles developed?
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they are behaviours learned from the environment
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According to the social learning theory, how are gender behaviours learned?
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through observational learning
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Social _______ and _______ increase the likelihood that children will reproduce 'socially acceptable' gender behaviours.
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rewards and punishments
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What does the cognitive-developmental theory of gender emphasize?
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cognitive processes
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According to the cognitive-developmental theory, how do children make sense of gendered information?
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it develops and changes over time (ie. developmentally)
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List and describe Kohlberg's stages of gender development
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Age 2: gender identity - ability to correctly label one's own sex
Age 4: gender stability - realizes that gender remains constant over time but confused by external features (eg. clothing, boys cooking/girls boxing -> gender's switched) Age 7: gender consistency - begins to understand that gender is independent of external features |
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The gender schema theory focuses on:
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the role of cognitive organization in addition to socialization
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Define gender schema
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an unchallenged or core belief about how people act in gendered ways.
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How do children learn gender schemas?
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learn how their cultures and/or societies define gender roles
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Dominant Western society adheres to a ______ gender ______
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rigid, binary/dichotomy
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Gender is a _______ determined set of _______ appropriate for males and females to enact.
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socially, practices/performances/behaviours
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What impact has the construction of female and male sexualities had within the social system?
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negative impacts on all dimension of health (physically, emotionally, spiritually, mentally, etc)
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What is the film about transgendered women in male prisons called?
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Cruel and Unusual
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What are the male sex chromosomes?
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XY
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What are the female sex chromosomes?
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XX
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When does differentiation of the sex organs occur?
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during the 7th week after conception/gestation
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What is TDF?
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Testis-Determining Factor. a gene on the Y chromosome that causes testis to develop
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How many genes are involved in sexual differentiation?
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six
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What are the two ducts in the rudimentary reproductive system?
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Mullerian and Wolffian ducts
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What does the Mullerian duct develop into?
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fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper part of vagina
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What does the Wolffian dut develop into?
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epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct
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Homologous sex organs:
1. glans of penis 2. foreskin of penis 3. shaft of penis 4. scrotal sac 5. testes 6. prostate gland 7. Cowper's gland |
1. glans of clitoris
2. hood of clitoris 3. labia minora 4. labia majora 5. ovaries 6. Skene's glands 7. Bartholin's glands |
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Homologous sex organs:
1. glans of clitoris 2. hood of clitoris 3. labia minora 4. labia majora 5. ovaries 6. Skene's glands 7. Bartholin's glands |
1. glans of penis
2. foreskin of penis 3. shaft of penis 4. scrotal sac 5. testes 6. prostate gland 7. Cowper's gland |
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There are more ______ in the male and female sex organs than ______
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similarities, differences
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Describe how undifferentiated genitals develop into female gonads?
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The Wolffian ducts degenerate, Mullerian ducts develop, tubercle develops into external genitalia.
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Describe how undifferentiated genitals develop into male gonads?
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Secretion of anti-Mullerian hormone, Mullerian ducts degenerate, Wolffian ducts develop, tubercle develops into external genitalia.
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What are the nine variables of gender?
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1. Chromosomal Gender - XX,XY, or some variation
2. Gonadal Gender - testis, ovaries, or some variation 3. Prenatal Hormonal Gender - testosterone and anti-Mullerian 4. Brain hormonalization - testosterone for masculinization 5. Internal accessory organs - fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina, prostate and seminal vesicles 6. External genital appearance - clitoris, labia, vaginal opening, penis, and scrotum 7. Pubertal hormonal gender - estrogen, progesterone, testosterone 8. Assigned gender - announced at birth, based on genitals, provides a gender role 9. Gender identity - personal, private sense of maleness or femaleness |
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Define intersexuality
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a person born with sex chromosome, external genitalia, or an internal reproductive system that is not considered "standard" for either male or female.
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What is AIS?
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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrom... genetically male, but appears female
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What is the cause of AIS?
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body cells of genetic males are unable to respond normally to testosterone.
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What are the typical characteristics of AIS?
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the infant has genitals of "normal" female appearance, un-descended or partially descended testes. usually a short vagina (or nearly absent) with no cervix. at puberty, estrogen produced by the testes produces breast growth, though it may be late. "she" does not menstruate, and is not fertile.
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What is CAH?
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia... genetic female with masculine genitals
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What is the cause of CAH?
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an accumulation of excess androgens causes the masculinization of the genitals of a genetic female.
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What are the typical characteristics of CAH?
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female infant born with ambiguous genitalia:
large clitoris, rugated and partially fused labia majora. a common urogenital sinus in place of a separate urethra and vagina. the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are 'normally' formed varying severity of other physiological affects. |
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Who was the intersexed person who was allowed to vote in the 1843 election in Salisbury?
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Levi Suydam
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What are the three major subgroups of intersexed individuals?
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1. true hermaphrodites (one testis, one ovary)
2. male pseudohermaphrodites (testes and some female genitals but no ovaries) 3. female pseudohermaphrodites (ovaries and some male genitals but no testes) |
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An intersexed child is born two in every _______ births
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10,000
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The American Plains Indians once assigned the social status of ______ to men who did not have the skill or interest for typically masculine pursuits.
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berdache
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In India, a third gender called ______ includes elements of both female and male roles, and are considered sacred.
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hijra
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The Sambia tripe in Papua New Guinea, assigned the name _______ to individuals whose genitals appear to be female but who will eventually develop male secondary sex characteristics.
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kwolu-aatmwol
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Describe genetic sex
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when fertilization occurs, a genetic map is established that will lead to expressions of maleness and femaleness
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Describe gonadal sex
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the development of gonads (either testes or ovaries) produce hormones that effect sexual development
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Describe body sex
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the anatomical internal and external sex organs that become apparent in the individual
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Describe brain sex
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how the brain is sexually differentiated. "male-type" and "female-type" behaviours
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Gender roles may become ________
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self-fulfilling prophecies
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Sexual differentiation at the genetic level begins at:
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fertilization
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Human gametes each contain ___ chromosomes
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23
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What is the SRY gene?
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sex-determining region of Y. it determines whether testes or ovaries will develop in the fetus
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What is DAX-1?
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the region of the gene that likely determines sex on the X chromosome
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What is the H-Y antigen?
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the chemical agent that helps transform the fetal gonads into testes
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Until the ____ week of life, the external genitals are indistinguishable as male or female.
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eighth
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By the _____ week of development, the male or female sex organs are clearly distinguishable.
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twelfth
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Development of the testes, scrotum, and penis require the presence of _____________
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dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
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Define fetally androgenized female
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a condition in which hormones administered during pregnancy caused chromosomally female fetuses to have masculinized genitals and perhaps of later behavioural patterns.
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