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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
"The life which is unexamined is not worth living"
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Quote from Socrates
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"Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short"
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Quote from Ebbinghaus
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"Cogito ergo sum"
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Quote from Descartes
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Determinism vs. Indeterminism
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Human events completely explicable in terms of antecedents vs. not completely so explicable
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Empiricism vs. Rationalism
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Knowledge comes from experience vs. comes from reason
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Functionalism vs. Structuralism
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Psychological categories are activities vs. contents
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Inductivism vs. Deductivism
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Investigations begun with facts or observations vs. with assumed established truths
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Objective vs. Subjective
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Open to interpretation vs. not
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Molecularism vs. Molarism
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Psychological data most aptly described in terms of relatively small units vs. relatively large units
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Monism vs. Dualism
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Fundamental principle or entity in universe is of one kinds vs. two kinds, mind and matter
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Nomotheticism vs. Idiographicism
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Emphasis upon discovering general laws vs. upon explaining particular events or individuals
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Purism vs. Utilitarianism
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Seeking of knowledge for its own sake vs. its usefulness in other activities
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Rationalism vs. irrationalism
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Emphasis upon data supposed to follow dictates of good sense and intellect vs. intrusion or domination of emotive and conative factors upon intellectual processes
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Kuhn
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Paradigm, scientists are forced into the paradigmatic box
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Popper
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Falsification, should try to falsify theories
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8 solutions to mind body problem
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interactionsim, epiphenomenalism, materialism, idealism, double aspectism, parallelism, occasionalism, preestablished harmony
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Interactionism
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Mind affects body, body affects mind
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Epiphenomenalism
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Body affects mind, mind does not affect body.
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Materialism
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The only thing that exists is body, no such thing as mind
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Idealism
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The only thing that exists is mind, no such thing as body
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Double Aspectism
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Mind and Body are distinguishable, but can not be separated ("two sides of the same coin")
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Parallelism
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Mind and Body are not connected, they are perfectly synchronized
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Occasionalism
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When mind gives instruction to body, God makes it happen. Vice versa
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Preestablished Harmony
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Mind and body are not interacting, they were just perfectly synchronized at the time of their creation
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8 Systems in Psychology
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Wundtian/Content Psychology, Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Humanistic Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
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Wundtian/Content Psychology
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Psychology should be viewed by the immediate content, without abstraction or reflection
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Structuralism
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Focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components
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Functionalism
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Sought to explain mental processes in a systematic way, focusing on the purpose of consciousness and behavior
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Behaviorism
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Focused on studying behaviors and environment in order to become a science, instead of thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc.
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Gestalt Psychology
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"The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" Seeing things as their whole, not the parts (ex. illusions)
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Psychoanalysis
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Conscious, Unconscious, etc.
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Humanistic
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Focused on the good side of humans, self-worth, etc.
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Cognitive Psychology
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Studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn
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Histiography
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Principles, methods, and philosophical issues concerning history research
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Problems with Histiography
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Delayed release, biases, translation problems, and self-serving data
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Hippocrates
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Four elements, humors in body need to be balanced, if not balanced it causes personalities disorders
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Socrates
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Searched for essence using inductive (small->big) definition
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Plato
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Ideas and Forms - essences had existence. Only know things through reason, not though sensations
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Allegory of the Cave
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Plato. Imagine prisoners locked in a cave, only see shadows. one gets free, sees real world, still thinks the shadows are the "real world". After a while, accepts the new world, goes back to cave, the others don't believe him.
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Analogy of the Divine Line
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Plato. Explains the four levels of existence, from smaller to larger.
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Nature of the Soul
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Plato. Rational component, Courageous component, and Appetitive component
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Aristotle
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Mental events occur in the heart, the brain simply cools the blood. 4 causes to anything, Hierarchy of Souls, Laws of Association
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4 Causes
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Aristotle. Material cause (matter from which is made), Form Cause (form or pattern of object), Efficient Cause (Transforming force), Final Cause (purpose for existence)
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Hierarchy of Souls
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Aristotle. Vegitative soul (plants), Sensitive soul (animals), Rational soul (human)
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Laws of Association
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Aristotle.
Law of Contiguity- When we think of something, we also think what occurred contemporaneously Law of Similarity- Think something; think of something similar Law of Contrast- Think something; think of something different Law of Frequency- more often it is experienced, the stronger the association Law of Ease- Some thoughts occur easier than others |
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Copernicus & Galileo
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The world is heliocentric- revolve around the sun
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Francis Bacon
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Inductive thinking- start from small, build from it. Also, first to differentiate between basic and applied science. Idols of the cave - the mind. Horse's teeth.
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René Descartes
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Mechanistic, hydraulic view of reflexes (animal spirits). Cartesian Dualism (pineal gland)
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Julien de la Mettrie
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Mechanistic, man is nothing more than a complex machine, animals and humans are on the same continuum (you can teach apes language)
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Thomas Hobbes
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Mechanistic, empiricist, deterministic, absolute monarchy is the best form of government
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John Locke
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"Tabula Rasa" - NOT innate ideas, everything comes from experience. Primary = physical, secondary = psychological. (experiment with hands in different temperature water, then put in water at same temp)
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George Berkeley
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No physical world, opposed to materialism. Reality = perception
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David Hume
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Senses = strong, ideas = weak copies of sensations.
"I feel, therefore I am" |
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Law of Resemblance
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David Hume. Thoughts from one idea to another
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Law of Contiguity
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David Hume. Two ideas linked together in space and time
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Law of Cause and Effect
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David Hume. Cause precedes effect
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David Hartly
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Nerves work through vibrations, NOT hollow tubes. Vibration continues even after sensation stops
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James Mill
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Utilitarianism, hedonism. Vividness (pleasure/pain = very vivid)
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John Stewart Mill
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Mental chemistry, NOT mental physics or mental mechanics. Not everything goes back to sensations
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Alexander Bain
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Founded first psychological journal- Mind (1876). Contiguity, frequency, similarity
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Law of Compound Association
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Alexander Bain. Ideas linked with several other ideas at the same time
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Law of Constructive Association
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Alexander Bain. Ideas can become rearranged in infinite number of possibilities
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Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
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Coinvented calculus. Monadology, monads can neither be created nor destroyed.
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Immanuel Kant
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a priori- knowledge known by someone independently from an experience
a posteriori- knowledge proven through experience |
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Johann Friedrich Herbart
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Psychology could be mathematical, tried to quantify mental phenomena
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Pierre Cabanis
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Conscious ends when head and brain are severed from body
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Law of Bell & Magendie
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Dorsal = Sensory nerves.
Ventral = Motor nerves. |
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Johanness Müller
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Docrine of Specific Nerve Energies- each nerve responds to its own characteristics, no matter how it is stimulated. (ex. punched in the eye, see stars)
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Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz
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Trichromatic theory of color vision. Accurately measured the rate of nerve conduction.
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Edwald Hering
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Opponent process theory- after images (?), black/white, blue/yellow, red/green
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Christine Ladd-Franklin
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Evolutionary theory of color vision, humans have color vision, lesser animals do not.
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Phrenology
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Localization of function. Contralateral, left side of brain controls right side of body, vice versa.
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Franz Joseph Gall
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Made phrenology famous
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Pierre Flourens
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Pioneered use of ablation, found plasticity/redundancy, hemispheres act as a unit, found roles of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem.
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Pierre-Paul Broca
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Broca's aphasia- trouble producing language (ex. "Tan")
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Carl Wernicke
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Wernicke's aphasia- "world salad", can't understand language
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Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig
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Found contralateral connection (battlefield surgeons) and supported localization
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David Ferrier
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Came up with the Homunculus man, mapped out skin sensations on the brain
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John Hughlings-Jackson
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Cortex inhibits part of brain, studied seizures
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Roberts Bartholow
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Electrically stimulated human patient, found out certain areas of brain control certain functions
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Camillo Golgi
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Developed Golgi stain to identify neurons
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Santiago Ramón y Cajal
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The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system, there is a small gap in between the neurons
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Sir Charles Sherrington
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Named the gap between neurons a "synapse"
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Karl Lashley
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Searched for engram. Law of Equipotentiality, law of Mass Action
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Law of Equipotentiality
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Karl Lashley. If one part of the brain dies, another part takes over
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Law of Mass Action
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Karl Lashley. The greater the mass of destruction, the more loss of learning
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Donald Hebb
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Cell assembly, reverberating circuits that keep stimulating each other
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Psychophysics
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Linking our mind/brain with the physical worlds, how the two relate
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Ernst Weber
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Developed the two-point threshold, developed the just noticeable difference (JND). Came up with the first psychological law.
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First Psychological Law
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Ernst Weber. (Delta I) / I = k
Difference threshold increases in proportion with the original starting intensity |
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Gustav Fechner
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Founder of psychophysics. Mental would change arithmetically while the stimulus changed geometrically. Absolute threshold- minimal amount of stimulus energy detectable (ex. hearing test). Difference threshold- smallest change in stimulus detected.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Believed in will- we decide what we pay attention to, our conscious is active.
First Psychology lab Content Psychology. Mediate (physical) versus immediate (psychological) experiences. Conscious experience- Sensations (modality, intensity, quality) and Feelings (pleasant/unpleasant, excitement/depression, tension/relaxation) |
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Herman Ebbbinghaus
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Learning, nonsense syllables, curve of forgetting
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Franz Brentano
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Act Psychology- only thing we know is what we can observe. Introspection. He set the stage for Gestalt Psychology
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Carl Stumpf
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Gestalt Psychology. Study phenomena as they occur, Phenomenology. (Remember Clever Hans- Rosenthaw Effect)
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Georg Elias Müller
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Learning & memory, social learning (memory drum). Retroactive, proactive interference.
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Oswald Külpe & the Würzburg School
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Mental set. (ex. 18 Wheeler gets stuck under underpass). Imageless thought controversy.
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