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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Geography
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the study of the spacial and temporal distribution of phenomena, processes and features, as well as the study of human enviormental interactions
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What are the origins of geography?
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mapping,
exploration, geographic description, enviormental description, enviormental determinism, landscape interpretation, quantitative revolution, rise of human geography |
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What are academic disciplines?
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ways of looking at the world,
priorities about what is important, interpreted from other concepts and definitions, standards for what makes research persuasive, evolving social systems |
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Name geography's trinity
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Techniques, physical geography, human geography
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Name examples of techniques
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GIS, Cartography, and Remote Sensing
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Name examples of Physical Geography
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Climatology,
Enviormental Geography, Gemorphology, Hygrology, Landscape Ecology |
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Name examples of Human Geography
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Economic Geography,
Urban Geography, Cultrual Geography, Political Geography, Regional Geography, Demography |
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Name the major modes of Academic Geography
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Enviormental Determinism,
Carl Sauer, Quantitative Revolution, and Post Positivism |
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Enviormental Determinism
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a doctrine that holds that human activities are determined by the physical attributes of geographic settings
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When was Enviormental Determinism popular?
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late 1800's and 1920's
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Name an example of Enviormental Determinism
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civilization and economic development made possible in Europe by a mild climate
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What was Carl Sauer's contribution to geography?
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Landscape School at Berkeley School
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What did the Landscaping School provide to Berkeley?
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Landscapes as a focus of geographic study,
and human enviorment interactions in creation of distinctive landscapes and reigons |
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When was Carl Sauer's contribution popular?
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1920's to the 1940's
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Quantitative Revolution
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-rise of positivism using scientific method to build universal theories and laws
-statements must derive from verifiable observations -methods apply to both human and natural sciences |
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When was Quantitative Revolution popular?
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1950's to the 1980's
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Post Positivism
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-human sciences distinct from natural sciences,
-broadening of theory and methods, -post modern turn |
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How did Post Positivism take a postmodern turn?
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through culture, representation, and discourse
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When was Post Positivism popular?
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1980's to present
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Human Geography
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it provides ways of understanding places, regions and spatial relationships as the products of a series of interrelated forces that stem from nature, culture and individual human action
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Places
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specific geographic settings with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes.
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Why does place matter?
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-it provides the setting for peoples daily lives and their social relations,
-they are interdependent and is ever changing, -and are socially produced |
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Globalization
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the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of ecomonic, enviormental, political and cultural change
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Scale
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a partitioning of space wherein different political, economic and social problems play out
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Name fundamental concepts of spatial analysis
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space,
location, distance, accessibility, spacial interaction |
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How is space measured?
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in absolute, relative, and cognitive terms
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Cognitive space
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reflects peoples beliefs, perceptions about places, districts ,and regions
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Absolute Space
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mathematical space; involves precise measurement of location (x,y,z)
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Topological Space
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relative space, connectivity between locations
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Absolute Location
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latitude/longitude
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Name a type of map with absolute location
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mercator chart
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Relative Location
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determined by using site and situation
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Cognitive Location
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refers to the personal cognitive images of places and reigons compiled from personal knowledge, experiences, and impressions
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What measures location?
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Cultural Systems embedded in different cultures and worldviews
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Absolute Distance
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physical units of measure
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Relative Distance
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time, effort or cost
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Cognative Distance
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percieved
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Distance Decay Function
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amount of spatial interaction tends to decline with distance
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Friction of Distance
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time and cost of overcoming distance
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Nearness Principle
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maximize the overall utility of places at min effort, maximize connections between places at min cost, locate related activities as close together as possible
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Accessibility
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opportunity for contact or interaction between locations
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What factors are in Accessibility?
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economic, cultural, and social factors
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Spacial Interaction
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flow of goods, people, and information between places
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How does spacial interaction allow countries to compliment one another?
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precondition for interdependence,
supply and demand, variation of physical resources, international division of labor, specialization, economies of scale |
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What factors make spacial interaction's transferability possible?
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cost, distance, but varies over time
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Intervening Opportunity
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alternative origin or destination affects the volume and pattern of movements and flows
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Spacial Diffusion
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the way things spread across space over time
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Name the forms of spatial diffusion
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expansion diffusion,
hierarchial diffusion, relocation diffusion |
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Planimetric Maps
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give spatial information such as house locations and political boundaries
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Topographic (Hypsometric Maps)
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include information about landscape form
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What kind of graphs do cartographers make?
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general reference maps and thematic maps
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Name the different types of general reference maps
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road maps and topographic maps
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Thematic Maps
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geographic distribution of ideas people things conditions etc
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Choropleth Map
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enumeration or administrative spatial units
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What are the principles governing modern western cartography?
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projections, scale, symbols
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Map Projections
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a transformation of the spherical or ellipsoidal earth onto a flat map
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Secant
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the globe cutting the surface after it being scaled
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Equatorial
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parallel to the earth's rotation axis
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Transverse
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90 degrees to the axsis
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Oblique
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any other angle
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conformal
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a projection that preserves the shape of features across the map
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equal area
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a projection that preserves the area of a feature across the map
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True or False? No flat map can be both equivalent and conformal
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TRUE
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Map Scale
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expresses the relationship between map distance and actual ground distance
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How is map scale expressed?
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in ratios known as representative fractions (RF), verbally, and visually
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What does a large scale map show?
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a small area of a large amount of detail
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What does a small scale map show?
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a large area with a small amount of detail
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Magnetic Declination
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the difference between true north (the axis around which the earth rotates) and magnetic north (the direction the needle of a compass will point)
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What type of north changes over time?
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magnetic north
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What is magnetic north currently located?
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northwest of the Hudson's bay northern canada
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GIS
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Geographic Information Systems
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Name the definations of GIS
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a toolbox, an information system, approach to science, multibillion dollar business, a role in society
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What does a GIS consist of ?
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a database, map informaiton, computer based link between them
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What year did the GIS find many forms of geographic data and mapping software?
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1960
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What developed the first basic GIS?
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computer cartography
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What proceeded GIS's?
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linked software modules
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What were the early data sets of GIS?
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the world data bank and the GBF files
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Name the early GIS systems
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CGIS MLMIS GRID and LUNR
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Why was the Harvard University ODYSEEY system influential?
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because of its topological arc-node data structure
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The Modern World System
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interdependent system of countries linked by political and economic competition
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Mini systems
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societies with single cultural base
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World Empires
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a group of mini systems absorbed into common political systems
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World Systems
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an interdependent system of countries
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What type of economy is mimi systems?
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reciprocal social economy
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What type of economy is world empires?
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redistributive tributary social economy
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What type of economy are world systems?
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linked by political and economic competition
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When were minisystems first stablized?
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with the first agricultureal revolution 9000-7000 BC
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What happened in the agricultural revolution of 9000-7000 BC?
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seed cultivation, animal domestication, and emergence and spread of new practices
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What happened to the mini systems after the agricultural revolution?
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higher density settlements, social hierarchies, specialization in crafts, barter and trade, hydraulic societies
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What geographical processes are world empire premised on?
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culturalization and urbanization
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What is colonization fueled by?
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law of diminishing returns
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Law of Diminishing Returns
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tendency for productivity to decline with continued application of capital and labor
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What country emerged as the dominant world empire?
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Europe
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colonialism
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political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society
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Imperialism
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direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories
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Core Reigons
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dominant in trade and technology, and maintain high productivity and diversified economies
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Periphery Regions
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economically and politically weak, narrowly specialized economies, low productivity
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Semi Periphery Reigons
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able to exploit peripheral reigons, themselves exploited by core reigons
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Name some examples of periphery reigons
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former Dutch, Spanish, Brittish, German, French colonies, much of Aftica, Cantral and South America
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Name some examples of semi periphery reigons
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Brazil, India, Mexico, South Korea, Taiwan
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How was Portuguese penitrating by the periphery?
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plunder
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How was Dutch penetrating the periphery?
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mercantilism
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How were the British penetrating the periphery?
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Mericantilism and Industrialization
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How were Americans penetrating the periphery?
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industrialization
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Mercantilism
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points to foreign trade as source of country's enrichment, exploration for raw materials, value added in manufacturing
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capitalism
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a form of economic and social organization characterized by the profit motive and control of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of goods by private ownership
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What did the intensification of the core result in?
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Indternational Division of Labor, Specialization of people, reigons and economies in certain kinds of econ activities
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What was intensification of the core imposed by?
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economic and military strength
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technological systems
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innovations in power and energy transportation and manufacturing processes resulted in some crucial changes in patterns of economic development
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innovations of 1790 - 1840
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water power and steam engines, cotton textiles, development of river transport systems, canals and turnpike roads
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innovations of 1840 - 1890
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coal power steam engines, steel products, railroads, world shipping
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innovations of 1890 - 1950
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internal combustion engine, oil plastics, aircraft, radio, and telecommunications
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innovations in 1950
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nuclear power, aerospace, electronics, petrochemicals, highways, and global air routes
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innovations in 1990
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solar energy, robotics, biotechnology, information technology
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Name the causes and concequences of globalization
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a new international division of labor and internationalixation of finance a new technology system, and a homogenization of international consumer markets 2) the internationalization of finance, the emergence of global banking and globally integrated financial markets 3) new technology based on a combination of innovations including solar energy, robotics, microelectronics, biotechnology, digital communications 4) the growth of consumer markets
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fast world
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people and places directly involved as producers and consumers in a transnational industry
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slow world
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(85%) of the population people and places whose participation in the above mentioned industry is limited
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demography
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the study of the characteristics of human populations
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What does spatial perspective emphasize?
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the description and explanation of the where of population distribution patterns and processes
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What factors influence distribution?
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water soil climate trade religion technology political war
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population density
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population density / land area
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crude birth rate (CBR)
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# of live births / year for every 1000 people
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crude death rate (CDR)
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# of deaths / year for every 1000 people
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Natural increase
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surplus of births over deaths (CBR -CDR)
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Natural decrease
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surplus of deaths over births (CDR - CBR)
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total fertility rate
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average # of children women have during childbearing years of 15 -49
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infant mortality rate
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# deaths during one year of life / 1000 births
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life expectancy
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average # years a newborn can be expected to live
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migration
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a long distance move to a new location, geographical movement of population, some degree of permanence, crossing a political boundry
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immigration
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mobility moving to a particular location
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emigration
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moving from one local to another
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gross migration
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total # of people moving one place to another
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net migration
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gain or loss in population due to moving in or out
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Name pull factors of migrating
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amenities, employment, saftey, religious freedom
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Name some push factors of migration
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war crime enviormental degradation job loss political change
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name the waves of migration
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voluntary internal migration (settlers) and involuntary internal migration (natives), and voluntary interal migration to urban jobs, 2nd WAVE: voluntary rural south to urban north, 3RD WAVE: voluntary from forest belt to sunbelt and voluntary suburbanization
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