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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Contains no nucleus
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Procaryotes
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Contains a nucleus
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Eucaryotes
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__________are unicellular procaryotes found almost everywhere.
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Bacteria
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Bacterial classifications
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Gram stain reaction: positive or negative
Shape: coccus, bacillus or spirillum Spore-forming ability: yes or no |
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Classified by their morphology, locomotion and life cycle
They do not grow in foods, but are parasites that require a host to complete their life cycle |
Protozoa
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The key example of protozoa is____________.
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Giardia Lamblia
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FAT TOM stands for what?
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Food
Acidity Temperature Time Oxygen Moisture |
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The minimums for for acidity/alkalinity:
Bacteria: ____ Yeasts: _____ Molds: _____ |
Bacteria: 4.5
Yeasts: 3.0 Molds: 2.0 |
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Psychrophiles
Min: Opt: |
-10
10-15 |
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Psychrotrophs
Min: Opt: |
-5
20-30 |
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Mesophiles
Min: Opt: |
5-10
30-37 |
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Thermotrophs
Min: Opt: |
10
42-46 |
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Thermophilles
Min: Opt: |
25-45
50-80 |
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The role of microbes
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Spoilage
Pathogenic Useful |
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The enzyme __________ is used by organisms to cause fruit and vegetable rot.
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pectin esterase
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Lysine decarboxylase changes lysine into _________.
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Cadaverine
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Ornithine decarboxylase changes ornithine into _______.
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Putrescine
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_______ is metabolism that occurs under anaerobic conditions.
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Fermentation
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Used to initiate most food fermentations.
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Starter cultures
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are used to produce lactic acid from lactose
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Lactic acid bacteria
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Enzymes (_______or _______) are also used to coagulate milk proteins
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Chymosin, Renner
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A _________is any chemical substance that can elicit a detrimental effect in a biological system.
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Toxicant
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A method to determine the toxicity of chemical hazards and the probability that humans will be exposed.
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Risk assessment
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Some toxicants produce an ______response and others produce a ______ effect.
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Acute
Chronic |
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Provides information on the frequency of toxic effects.
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Epidemiological studies
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The dose above which adverse effects are produced
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Threshold level
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Carcinogens are not allowed, except:
________ carcinogens are allowed _______ produced by contaminants are allowed. |
Endogenous
Toxicants |
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________drugs are used to treat certain disease conditions.
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Therapeutic
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_________treatments prevent or minimize disease conditions.
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Prophylactic
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Some drugs are used for _____ ____ _____ (growth promotion)
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Modification of Function
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Can be developed by exposure to antibiotics followed by transfer to humans via meat and milk derived from animals
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Resistance
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Are compounds that can enhance or suppress growth of specific cells
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Hormones
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(BST) increases milk production and is largely destroyed by pasteurizing
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Bovine Somatotropin
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