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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Converting sun energy into food energy
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photosynthesis
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producing own energy
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photoautotrophs
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converting C molecules (CO2 and CH4) into carbohydrates.... this is the oxidation of inorganic molecules
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Chemosynthesis
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CO2 is their carbon source
no light needed get energy by oxidizing inorganics in hydrothermal vents Prokaryotes -bacteria or archaea Dont need light |
Chemoautotrophs
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these are primary producers and produce 90-96% of surface ocean's carbohydrates
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Primary Producers
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seaweeds are...
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primary producers!
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Chemo-synthetic organisms are...
examples? |
primary producers
-prokaryote individuals or those symbiotic with larger animals |
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who produces own food
like: -photosynthesis -Chemosynthesis |
Autotrophs/Producers
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how eats other organisms
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herterotrophs/ consumers
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who breaks down dead organisms or waste
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decomposers
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Trophic lvls
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Top Consumers --the top of the trophic pyramid secondary consumers (carnivores) --eat primary consumers primary consumers (herbivores) --eat producers |
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Gross ecological efficiency
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when only 10% efficiency is transferred per lvl
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photosynthesis reaction
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Co2 + H2O => C6H12O6 + O2
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Why carries out photosynthesis?
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duh! photoautotrophs and primary producers
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Chemosynthesis Equation
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6CO2 + 6O2 + 24 H2S
=> Glucose + 24sulfur + 18 H2O |
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What are the major primary Chemosynthesis producers anyways?
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bacteria or archaea
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What is a food web?
Describe the flow of energy... |
a group of organisms linked by complex feeding relationships
Flow of energy from primary producers through consumers |
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Three water zones
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OCEANIC ZONE
-offshore pelagic zone beyond the continental shelf NERITIC ZONE -near shore pelagic zone over the continental shelf PELAGIC ZONE -open water |
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oceanic subdivisions (by depth)
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EPIPELAGIC
-only zone to support photosynthesis MESOPELAGIC -bioluminescent organisms live here! BATHYPELAGIC ABYSSOPELAGIC |
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What are the bottom zones?
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littoral zone- intertidal
benthic zone- bottom zone |
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Benthic environments
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SUPRALITTORAL
SUBMERITIC littoral sublittoral -inner -outer SUBOCEANIC bathyal abyssal hadal |
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water is ______ more dense than air
water is 100 times more _____ than air |
800
viscous |
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small organisms use this to prevent sinking
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viscosity
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for large organisms... this is a drag
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viscosity
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Define drag
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resistance to movement
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how to resist drag
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streamline shape
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what is this?!?!?
flattened body tapering back end reducing drag and energy loss!?! |
StReAmLiNiNg!!
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what limits the penetration of light in the ocean?
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number and type of particles
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_________ is selectively absorbed
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light
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types of light zones
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photic
-euphotic -disphotic aphotic |
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describe the euphotic zone and where it is located
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in the photic zone...
-upper portion of photic zone -area of biological productivity -70m deeo |
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describe the location and the characteristics of the disphotic zone
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in the photic zone
-some light but no photosynthesis |
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what is the photic zone
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this film in surface zone (100-200m). This is the cealr open ocean water where light penetrates to 600m
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what is the aphotic zone
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this is the permanently DARK layer below the photic zone all the way to the sea floor
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coastal ocean
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high suspended particles
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this causes the edudation of predators and the ability to stalk prey
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water's transparency
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__ ____ is nearly isothermal
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deep ocean
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Temperature of ocean
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only small variations (daily seasonally anually)
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ectothermic
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cold blooded
-internal temp is close to environment -warmer temp = faster metabolism |
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endothermic
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warm blooded!
-can tolerate lots of temps -internal temp can vary only slightly |
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types of toleration to salinity
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euryhalide
-tolerate large changes stenohalide -tolerate only small changes |
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in diffusion.... waste passes from ___ to ____
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cell to ocean
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In osmosis, what is needed to stop the passage of water molecules
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pressure
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what wavelengths of light travel longest? shortest?
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longest is blue and green
shortest is red |
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______ = primary productivity
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1st 2000 meters
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zone in ocean is permanently dark
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aphotic zone
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coastal vs oceanic
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in coastal ocean, green light travels further than blue
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counter shading
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dark on top and white on bottom
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disruptive coloration
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bold colors like the casey fish
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Isotonic
hypertonic hypotonic |
isotonic is evenly distributed
hypertonic is so excited that it shrivels! (actually water just flows out to match the really salty water) hypotonic is when a cell is hugeo! it explands because there is too much salt in it wans needs water to even it out |
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marine vs freshwater fish
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marine fish are hypotonic
-drink large quantities of water -secrete salt through special cells -small volumes of highly concentrated urine freshwater fish are hypertonic -dont drink! ..too hyper so dont need to :) -cells absorb salt -large colume of dilute urine |
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three types of classifications of marine organisms (think aquarium)
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plankton! floaters
Nekton swimmers Benthos sinkers-i mean bottom dwellers |
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this classification is very diverse and has every major group of animals in it
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plankton
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examples of plankton
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phytoplankton and zooplankton
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phytoplankton vs zooplankton
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PHYTOPLANKTON
autotrophs that photosynthesize unicellular like diatoms and flagellates ZOOPLANKTON heterotrophic organisms are mixotropic and can be unicellular and multicellular |
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Nekton... what are they
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independent swimmers
-ie most adult fish and squid -marine mammals and reptiles |
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theses eat phytoplankton or eachother
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zooplankton
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Benthos
-three types! |
EPIFAUNA
-on the seafloor surface INFAUNA -buried in sidiment NEKTOBENTHOS -swim or crawl above the seafloor (octapi!) |
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AUTOTROPHS~
What are the major types of phytoplankton? |
Bacterioplankton
-cyanobacteria and bacteria Diatoms Dinoglafellates -HABs |
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bacterioplankton
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-type of phytoplankton
-recycles waste in the ocean through microbial loop if low amount of organisms |
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these contribute to 80% of all photosynthesis in areas with low nutrients
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bacterioplankton
-cynobacteria an bacteria |
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Diatoms
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type of phytoplankton
-varied morphology -largest category of phytoplankton -create large blooms -petroleum source -FRUSTULE --2 part silica cell wall |
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Dinoflagellates
what do they cause?? what does it lead to? |
type of phytoplankton
-diverse group of photoautotrophs and heterotrophs (some use sun and some eat eachother) causes HABs- harmful algal blooms (red tides) causes shellfish poisonings -paralytic sellfish PSP -neurotoxic Shellfish NSP -Diarrheic Shellfish DSP -Amnesic Shellfish ASP -Ciguatera Fish Poisoning CEP ---causes most food poisoning |
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NEUROTOXIC SHELLFISH POISONING
NSP! |
culprit- karenia brevis
What it does -discolored water -suffocates fish -open cell mem = constant cell signalling -temp reversal -gastrointestinal distress |
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photosynthesis requires 4 components and 2 are never limiting
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water and carbon dioxide are never limiting
then light and inorganic nutrients are |
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Compensation depth
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zero net productivity
it breaks even |
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pytoplankton productivity varies with
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latitude and season
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Major zooplankton groups
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cnidarians
ctenophores crustaceans polychaetes |
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what are the cnidaria major classes?
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scyphozoa (true jelly/ moon jellies)
hydrozoa (portugese manofwar) cubozoa (box jellyfish) anthozoa (only one not planktonic) |
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ctenphora
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zooplankton group
eight combs of cilia bioluminescent |
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phylum chaetognatha
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planktonic predators
arow worms eat copepods |
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Polychates
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phylum annelida
zooplankton |
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Molluscs
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type of zooplankton
gastropoda |
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Arthropoda
Crustacea |
type of zooplankton
-copepods and Krill copepods -major eaters of phytplankton -dominate zooplankton Krill -suspension feeders -whales eat them! -swarms and schools -bio-luminescent |
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holoplankton vs meroplankton
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holoplankton
-organisms that are planktonic during their entire life cycle meroplankton -organisms that are planktonic for only part of their life (crabs shrimp fish bivalves) |
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Major nekton groups
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cephalopoda (squid)
FISH -Chondrichthyes (sharkskatesrays) -Osteichthyes (bony fish) Reptiles Birds Mammals |
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order teleostei
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90% of all living fishes
cod tna halibut goldfish and mass! |
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Adaptations of fish
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fins
-paired vertical fins for stabilization -pelvic fins and pectorals are for steering and balance -tail fin (caudal) is for the thrust |
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fin designs
CAUDAL FINS TRUNCATE AND FORKED FINS LUNATE FINS HETEROCERCAL FINS |
caudal fins- flexible, maneuver at slow speeds
truncate and forked fins- maneuvering at fast speeds lunate fins- rigid and little maneuverability but propels well heterocercal fins- asymmetrical fins that lift for buoyancy |
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how do fish keep from sinking?
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osteichthyans have an air bladder
chondrichthyans have a large liver and lift with tail and fins |
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define countercurrent exchange
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getting air from water
-oxygen diffuses from water to blood in op direction |
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what are the 4 groups of birds?
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Tubenoses (albatrosses! petrels)
Pelicans gulls Penguins |
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3 orders of marine mammals
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Carnivora
-seals sea lions walruses and sea otters sirenia -manatees and dugongs cetacea -whales (odontoceti and mysticeti) |
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diff between seals sea lions and walruses?
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walruses- large tusks
seals- smooth head, no earflap Sea Lions- hind limbs, greater motion, ear flaps |
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cetacea swimming adaptations
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steamlined bodies
special skin structure deep diving -absorb 90% oxygen -collapsible lungs |
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suborders of cetacea
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odontoceti- toothed!
--ALSO HAVE ECHOLOCATION mysteceti-baleen (filter feeder) |