Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Challenges to radiographing reptiles
|
-skin scales degrade image quality
-lack of a diaphragm -pulmonary anatomy limits radiographic patterms -paucity of intra-abdominal fat |
|
Radiology most useful in vizualizing:
|
-mineralized structures
-respiratory system -viscera containing contrast material |
|
Reasons for challenging animal restraint
|
-can be very small or very large
-venomous reptiles -crocodylia |
|
Restraint most commonly used
-examples |
-manual and mechanical restraint
ex) -masking tape -plexiglass -restraint boards |
|
Osteoderms
-define |
-bony deposits in scales in the dermal layers of skin
*affect radiographs |
|
Restraint
-immobilizing agents -animals most used for |
-ketamine/midazolam
-telazol -ketamine/medetomidine -propofol -isoflurane -used for chelonians to get their head out of their shell |
|
Restraint is necessary why?
|
-need to have correct patient positioning
|
|
Reptile radiology
-equipment |
-tube that can rotate 90 deg. (need to be able to shoot horizontally)
-digital radiography -high-detail, rare-earth intensifying screens -single intensifying screen for smaller patients (dental radiographs) |
|
Reason a low kVp is needeed
|
-reptilian skeleton is less radiopaque than the mammalian skeleton
|
|
Snake
-why is positioning and restraint problematic |
-coiled snake is difficult to interpret
-manual restraint in an extended position is challenging *may need chemical restraint for adequate positioning |
|
Snake
-how to position and restrain |
-radiograph large snakes segment by segment
-plexiglass tube for restraining an unanesthetized patient -tape the snake to a padded board for horizontal exposures |
|
Snake anatomy
|
-know the normal anatomy by the % body length of where organs are found (position varies between spp.)
-Boids have 2 lungs (In other snakes the left lung is rudimentary) -last pair of ribs marks the level of the cloaca/vent |
|
Snake anatomy
-structures by quarter |
-25% = trachea, esophagus, thyroid, heart
-50% = right lung, left lung, liver, left air sac -75% = right air sac, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, gonads -100% = intestines, kidneys, cloaca |
|
Snakes
-appearance of GI depends on: |
-time since fed
-minimal gas present |
|
Snakes
-common abnormal findings |
-exuberant new bone on spine
-pneumonia -neoplasms or granulomas -dystocias -foreign bodies |
|
Snakes
-why is anesthesia easy |
-glottis is at the front of the mouth
|
|
Reptiles
-medical way to induce egg laying |
-fluids
-heat -calcium -oxytocin |
|
Snake
-approximate location of heart |
-20-25% from head
|
|
Snakes
-contrast study |
-Barium can be used but can take up to 7 days to pass
-Iohexol dilutes 1:1 with water and has a faster transit time than barium |
|
Iohexol
-useful when? |
-when a perforation is suspected
*won't cause peritonitis like barium |
|
How to reduce transit time with barium
|
-Metaclopramide
|
|
Lizard
-restraint and positioning |
-sandwich small species between foam pads
-vago-vagal response -restraining devices, plastic tubes, etc. -chemical restraint rare |
|
Vago-Vagal Response
-define |
-digital pressure applied to both eyes of a lizard for 50-60 seconds causing the animal to briefly cease movement
|
|
Lizard
-radiographic views |
-DV
-lateral |
|
Lizards
-when to lower kVp |
-metabolic bone disease
--otherwise there will be overexposure of the plate with little bone outline |
|
Heart location
-iguanid lizards |
cranial throax at the thoracic inlet
|
|
Heart location
-monitors |
-further caudal in the thorax
|
|
Lizards
-unique radiographic anatomy |
-liver incompletely distinguishable from the GI
-some GI gas is normal -Bladder may be expansive and bilobed |
|
Lizards
-common abnormal findings |
-Metabolic bone disease (appendicular skeleton, osteopenia, decreased cortical thickness, angular deformities, fractures, vascular mineralization)
-cystic calculi -fractures (fibrous callous) -foreign bodies -dystocias |
|
Lizards
-reasons for metabolic bone disease |
-low temperature
-low Calcium -inadequate lighting |
|
Lizards
-treating with eggs that are pre-ovulatory |
-improve management and diet
--see if she eats |
|
Lead foreign body
-treatment |
-Calcium EDTA
then -Surgery |
|
Lizards
-contrast studies |
-Barium (6 days in carniverous spp. 30 days in herbivorous spp.)
-Iohexol |
|
Chelonian
-restraint |
Generally easy
-tape if necessary ontp clear plexiglass or cassette -tap on shell -placeon dorsum then turn upright -place on block for craniocaudal and lateral views Anesthetization may be necessary for the head and limbs |
|
Chelonian
-necessary views |
-DV
-craniocaudal -lateral |
|
Chelonian
-DV for: |
-skeleton
-urinary system -GI -egg-binding -foreign bodies |
|
Chelonian
-craniocaudal for: |
-respiratory system (horizontal beam)
|
|
Chelonian
-unique radiographic anatomy |
-lungs attached to carapace (no pleural space)
-internal organs are overshadowed by shell (obscures organ differentiation) -heart overshadowed by the shoulder girdle |
|
Chelonian
-normal radiographic findings in DV |
-girdles distinctly visualized
-stomach in the left cranial region -small amount of gas in GI -urinary bladder not visualized -lungs IDed on horizontal beam |
|
Chelonians
-common abnormal findings |
-metabolic bone disease
-stones in GI -gastroenteritis -pneumonia -cystic calculi -fractures -dystocias |
|
Chelonian
-contrast study |
-Barium: many hours
-Barium and air for double contrast study -Iohexol (alternative to barium) |