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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Is there a problem when sufferers from anxiety visit the general physician?
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Yes, general physicians generally have little to no psychology training for anxiety. Symptoms manifest themselves physically.
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What is a benzodiazepine?
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A prescription drug used more than any other medication in the world. (Used for depression, bi-polar disorder, and anxiety)
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What gender do anxiety disorders affect most?
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Females
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What anxiety disorder has the highest prevalence within the U.S.?
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Specific phobias (AROUND 19.2 million)
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Which anxiety disorder has the lowest prevalence within the U.S.?
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (AROUND 2.2 million, although this is believed to be highly under diagnosed- don't realize rituals, unknown to help)
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How many people are diagnosed with Social Phobias?
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ROUGHLY 15 million in the US
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What is the gender difference in diagnoses within Panic Disorder?
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Females have a higher ratio (2.5x) of this disorder.
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What is the gender difference in diagnoses within OCD?
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There is no gender difference
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What is panic disorder divided into?
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Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia and Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia
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What are the differences in types of OCD between the genders?
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Females typically have contamination OCD, males have symmetry OCD
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What is the mean age of onset for simple phobias?
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Aprox. age 5
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What is the mean age onset of OCD?
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Aprox, age 17
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What is the mean age onset of Social Phobia?
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Aprox age 14
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In the autonomic nervous system there are the "fight" and "flight" responses. Which is which?
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Fight stems from the parasympathetic nervous system. Flight stems from he sympathetic nervous system.
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Do panic attacks stem from sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
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The sympathetic.
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What is the amygdala?
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It is in the limbic system, offers the danger message. All-system alarm. Memory of threats.
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What is the hippocampus?
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This is where long term memories are formed out of short term ones. Fears and panic attacks get formed into LTM (persist).
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In survival mode, what is the role of constricting the peripheral blood vessels?
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this allows more blood to flow to the skeletal muscles.
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In survival mode, what is the role of shivering (hot/cold spells)
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This stems from evolutionary psychology- makes you look bigger because hairs on body stand straight up
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In survival mode, what is the role of rapid breathing?
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This gets more oxygen to the brain- clearer thinking.
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In survival mode, what is the role of pupil dilation?
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This improved peripheral vision
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In survival mode, what is the role of digestive activity stopping?
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this gets rid of possible toxins, similarly, "cotton mouth" prevents eating and possibility of ingesting more toxins
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In survival mode, what is the role of possible fainting?
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This prevents shock and large loss of blood due to unconsciousness.
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Describe "waxy flexibility"
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In animals, this is referred to as "tonic immobility", and in animals, "rape-induced paralysis" because the body is in survival mode and will allow for less pain. Scientists are not completely sure why this happens.
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What are some similarities between tonic immobility and rape-induced paralysis?
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Inability to move, shaking, suppressed vocal behavior, no loss of consciousness, numbness, reduced body temperature, sudden onset and termination and aggression afterwards.
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What is the shadow of intelligence?
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The ability to plan: benefits to anxiety because of intellect to get through something and you need anxiety to a point. (Think of the Dobson Bell Curve) SO, limited anxiety, limited duration and positive outcomes.
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What is the specter of death?
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This is an anxiety that helps rather than hinders. Gives an apprehensive feeling: long intensity, long duration, highly noticeable, negative outcomes (socially and physiologically disruptive), triggers psychologically distressing symptoms.
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The concept of worry vs. anxiety
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Worry is ego-systonic (violates things you think are important about you). While anxiety is ego-dystonic (thoughts that are opposite of what you believe) Worry is consequence of action, anxiety is consequence of thought itself. Anxiety is high TAF
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What is self efficacy?
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how you feel your ability to handle a certain situation.
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What are the core characteristics of panic?
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urge to escape, avoidance of situations, fear of embarrassment, unidentifiable environmental cue (unless phobia), SUDDEN ONSET, and 5-8 minutes long
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What are the four focus categories of "most fear" within a situation (Think of his "Grad School" advice)
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Physical Fear (illness, death), Psychological Fear (no control, craziness), Social Fear (humiliation), Spiritual Fear (God's disapproval)
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What is included in diagnosis of Panic?
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4+ physiological symptoms, behavioral symptoms, and cognitive symptoms
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What are the differences between panic attacks and panic disorder?
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Panic attacks are the symptoms which fire at inappropriate times (false alarms), and panic disorder is recurrent, unexpected panic attacks (at least two) followed by concern (intense) over attacks
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What is nocturnal panic?
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A panic attack that occurs 1-4 hours from sleep onset, always between stage 2 and 3 sleep and not associated with any sleep disorder.
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Panic attacks (false alarms) occur in what percentage of population?
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15%
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What is triple vulnerabilities?
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The disposition to anxiety because of three interactions: biological composition, psychological style and social learning history. The BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL process
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In the bio-psychosocial process, what is the difference between vulnerability and compound vulnerability?
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The compound vulnerability is more than one stressor. These are endogenous (born like this), stable and latent (cannot always be seen). but they always need a precipitating environmental event for activation
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What is polygenic composition?
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Predisposition to anxiety disorder can come from brain circuitry, neurochemistry, neuroanatomical structures, temperament, hyper-arousal SNS dominant and neurophysiology.
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How can anxiety disorders be explained in a neurochemical way?
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can be explained by deficiency levels of sterotonin (primarily needed in basal ganglia).
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What is the basal ganglia?
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part of the brain that helps initiate and stop gross motor movements (OCD cannot stop this).
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Caudate Nucleus is what?
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When working correctly, it allows unnessicary information (thoughts/impulses), to be filtered out (disregarded). When not functioning correctly, intrusive thoughts become overwhelming (ignores relevant information) Also, hard in ADD population.
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What is the Orbital-Frontal cortex?
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located in the frontal lobe, responsible for filtering information, inhibiting responses to irrelevant stimuli, and alerts us when something is wrong, creates an avoidance of that situation (i.e. an early warning system), appears to be working overtime in anxiety population
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What are the temperment compositions for anxiety?
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High neuroticism, low extroversion, negative affect, trait/state anxiety, anxiety sensitivity
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What is anxiety sensitivity?
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Really focus on intraseptive stimuli and misdiagnose them (hypochandriac)
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What is emotional reasoning?
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conclude that based on the emotion felt that the thought must be true
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What is intraseptive stimuli?
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internal symptoms
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Cognitive activity can be modified how?
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With cognitive therapy
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The dynamic interaction for cognitive vulnerability?
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What we think: interactions between thoughts, images and feelings. (abstract Thinkers versus concrete thinkers)
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Describe the cognitive triangle
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Interactions between how you explain your behavior, how you explain others behavior and how you see the world.
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What are the four cognitive beliefs to a non clinical population>
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Need to be cautious, a belief in fairness, desire for certainty, and fear of known specific threats
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Describe the core cognitive beliefs specific to anxiety disorders
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overestimating the probability of danger, heightened sense of personal vulnerability, desire for certainty, threat-related beliefs, and fear of consequences (re: anxiety)
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What is error of omission
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The error of when you do not something they should have done, but didn't and feel responsible for danger. Feel that it is the individuals fault
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What is the error of commission
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did something they feel put other people in danger. Feel like it is the individual's fault
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Describe the attribution theory
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the cognitive appraisal is how you interpret an event dictates one's behavior
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Name some examples of key cognitive errors, mis-appraisals and faulty thinking
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"All or None" (Polarized) Thinking, Thought/Action Fusion, "Intolerance of Uncertainty", Over generalization, Mental Filtering, Emotional Reasoning
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Internal locus of control
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When we believe we have control of what happens to us. Believe they have skills/resources to handle certain situations.
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Clinical Depression/Anxiety for attributional styles
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Attributes success to external/stable or unstable factors (luck or difficulty) and failures to internal/stable factors (ability)
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