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27 Cards in this Set
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- Back
Culex pipiens molestus (Sister group to culex pipiens) |
Breeds underground in confined spaces; bites mammals rather than birds; active all year rather than being dormant in winter; does not recognize its sister group as potential mates |
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BSC: Biological Species Concept |
Defines species in terms of interbreeding; doesn't work with archaea or bacteria because they do not have sex |
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MSC: Phenetic (Morpho) Species Concept |
A species is a set of organisms that look different from other organisms; Linked to taxonomy, cataloging organism traits; authority; Only current method for paleontology (lacks DNA) |
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ESC: Ecological Species Concept |
Looks at niche boundaries and competition (you will be competing the most with someone just like you) to categorize species; NOT commonly used |
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PSC: Phylogenetic Species Concept |
All you have to do is develop data sets, then use phyloanalysis to see where they fall on a phylogenetic tree; as the potential to yield way too many species; boundaries can be arbitrary |
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Allopatric speciation |
A geographic speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant, or isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange. |
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Parapatric speciation |
Extremely rare; occurs when populations are separated not by a geographical barrier but by an extreme change in habitat. While populations in these areas may interbreed, they often develop distinct characteristics and lifestyles. |
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Sympatric speciation |
The process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. |
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Theodisius Dobzhansky |
Researched reproductive isolation, and what happens to create barriers |
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Ernist Mayr |
Came up with the different types of speciation, was an advocate of allopatric speciation, believed parapatric speciation was rare (it's not, in plants) |
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Cline |
Gradient shift from one habitat to another |
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Vicariance |
The division of a population due to a physical phenomenon ex) ground squirrels are different species on either side of the Grand Canyon |
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Shrimp |
Evidence of allopatry is found as the tips of the tree have all divided into a Pacific Shrimp and Caribbean Shrimp |
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Bounded Hybrid Superiority |
When a hybrid forms on the edge of two habitats; a bridge between two species of plants |
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Ring species |
California salamanders that formed a ring around the Central Valley, and where they meet back up they are not compatible |
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Polyploidy |
Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. |
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Autopolyploidy |
An individual or strain whose chromosome complement consists of more than two complete copies of the genome of a single ancestral species. |
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Allopolyploidy |
An organism whose cells have multiple sets of chromosomes derived from a different species. |
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Secondary Reinforcement |
When secondary contact between two diverged populations actually pushes the populations further apart; Any hybrids that form are not as fit at either parent |
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Character displacement |
Character displacement is the phenomenon where differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur but are minimized or lost where the species' distributions do not overlap. |
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Dobzhansky's Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms |
Two variations: Prezygotic and Postzygotic |
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Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms |
Potential mates live in the same place but do not encounter one either due to... -habitat isolation -temporal isolation -behavioral isolation -gametic incompatibility |
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Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms |
-Zygotes die early in embryogenesis -Hybrids are inviable -Hybrids survive but are sterile -Second generation hybrids are inviable or sterile |
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Isolation through pollinators |
Hawkmoths, Darwin's orchid, etc. |
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Negative epistasis |
When epistasis enacts a severe fitness cost on hybrids (postzygotic barrier to reproduction) |
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Haldane's Rule |
An observation about the early stage of speciation (by the British evolutionary biologist J.B.S. Haldane) that states that if in a species hybrid only one sex is inviable or sterile, that sex is more likely to be the heterogametic sex. |
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Dobzhansky-Muller model |
How does genic incompatibility between species evolve without simultaneously causing defects in pure species? In the ancestral population, the genotype is AA BB. When the population is split into two, A evolves into a in one population and B evolves into b in the other. a and b are mutually incompatible.a in one population and B evolves into b in the other. a and b are mutually incompatible. As the a-b interaction is not present in the pure species, the evolution of incompatibility is possible. Detailed genetic analysis on hybrid male sterility, however, has shown that hybrid incompatibility often involves conspecific genic interactions as well. |