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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
energy is both a
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ultimiate resource and pernicious pollutant
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Santa Barbra Oil Spill
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A blowout in Santa Barbara Channel created the first significant
offshore oil spill for drilling or producing oil in 22 years of offshore drilling. REPRESENTED BLACK FRIDAY FOR WESTCOAST ENERGY |
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Three Dimensions of Science
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• Empirical observations, data and facts
• Mathematical analysis, hypothesis testing, models & theories • Thematic content, unspoken assumptions or prejudices |
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Sustainability
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“development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” |
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Sustainability- looks to find energy sources that do not
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1. Emit hazards or pollutants on a
substantial scale. 2. Promote waste. 3. Promote social injustices. |
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1st law of therodynamics
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1st Law: Energy is always conserved.
consumption = conversion • no perpetual motion machines |
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Work= useful mechanical energy
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W(Joule) = F (Nt) * D (m)
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2nd law of therodynamics
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2nd Law: Entropy is always produced.
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2nd Law Corollaries
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• Energy Flow Corollary
Energy naturally flows from high to low grade energy • Conversion Corollary Converting energy degrades it & produces entropy. • 2nd Law Efficiency Corollary Matching energy grade with use saves energy and perseveres the environment. 2nd law efficiency is a measure of how well this matching is accomplished. |
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growing energy consumption
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The growing consumption
of energy will have major negative impacts on our environment, economy, and geopolitical relationships. |
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alternative energy source
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In addition to developing
alternative sources of energy, we need to slow the rate of growth in consumption and, ideally, stop or reverse it. |
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Foucs
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Focus: develop more
energy efficient technologies. (95% of R&D funds funds spent on energy supply.) |
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Consumption of fossil fuels at year 2000 as
percentage of economically recoverable reserves |
oil 3.0%
gas 1.6% coal 0.5 % |
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us consuption
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The United States, with
4.5% of the world’s population, uses 25% of the world’s oil |
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oil demand
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But demand for oil is surging
in China and India, which have 25% of the world’s people |
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Pollution makes
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air, water, and soil impure and unclean.
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synergism
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whereby the combined effect of different substances is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
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commonly express concentration of pollutants in..
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parts per million (ppm) or per billion (ppb)
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air pollutants are commonly messured in
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units ushc as micrograms of pollutants per cubic meter of air (mg/m3)
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risk assessment involves
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hazard identification, assessment of dose response, assessment of exposure, and risk characterization.
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biomagnifcation
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the accumulation or increase int he concentration of a substance in living tissue as it moves through a food web.
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carcinogen
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toxin that increases the risk of cancer
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contamination
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has a meaning similar to pollution and implies making somthing unfit for a particular use through the introduction of undesirable materials.
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dose response
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how chemicals affect a indiviual
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electromagnetic fields (EMFs)
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electric transmitions lines from utilites.
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heavy metals
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metals with relatively high atomic weight- that pose health hazards to people and ecosystems include mercury, thallium, and lead.
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hormonally active agents (HAAs)
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can cause developmental and reproductive abnoramilites in animals, including humans.
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noise pollution
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noise pollution is unwanted sound
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organic compounds
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are carbon compounds that are produced naturally by living organisms or synthetically by human industrial processes.
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particulates
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particle substances.
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POPS (persistent organic pollutants)
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- carbon0based molecular structure
- dont break down easy - polluting and toxic - manufactured by people |
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pollution
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unwanted change in the environment by introducing harmful materials or by producing harmful conditions
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thermal pollution
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heat pollution, heat released into water or air with undesirable effects.
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toxic
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poisionous substance
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toxicology
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sciece that studies chemicals that are or could be toxic
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fossil fuels
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formed in the earth from dead plants, algae, and bacteria that did not decompose completely
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conventional fuels
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because we are used to using them, coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
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nonrenewable source
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fossil fuels are
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alternative sources are renewable
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such a sun (wind, water) and geothermal (deep earth heat) and nuclear energy sources.
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resource?
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the entire amount on Earth- somtimes called the total resource
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reserve?
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what we can get at now economically, the portion of the resource that we can extract now at a profit.
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synfuels
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liquid or gaseous fuels derived from solid fossil fuels.
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energy is..
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the ability to do work, to move matter.
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Fuels fuels became the primary source of abundant energy in..
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the 20th century
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Solar energy has the
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fewest environmental effects. win is second, water is thir.
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nuclear power..
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is the most dangerous to people and the environment
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geothermal energy
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nstursl heat from the interior of the earth
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half-life
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those with a long half life can contaminate for a long time
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isotopes
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atoms of an element that are chemically the same but have different weights.
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