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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of the Endocrine System
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Differentiation, stimulation, coordination, maintenance, initiation and correction
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What are hormones?
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The mechanisms by which the endocrine system responds to cells and organs of the body
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What are the ways hormones can be classified?
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Structure, gland of origin, effects it has, chemical composition
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Do we know everything about hormones?
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No
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What type of system do hormones operate?
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Positive and negative feedback system
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Which gland is known as the “brain” or hormone controller?
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Pituitary
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What do cells need to have for hormones to work?
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Hormone receptors
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What factors regulate hormone release?
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Chemical factors, hormonal factors and neural control
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What is the most common type of feedback?
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negative feedback
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What does neg feedback help?
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maintain the hormones within physiologic ranges
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examples of lipid soluble hormones
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steriod and thyroid
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examples of water soluble hormones
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insulin, pituitary, parathyroid, hypothalamic
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List three important facts of lipid soluble hormones
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-circulate bound to a carrier protein
-very few are able to circulate free -diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to nuclear receptors |
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List three important facts of water soluble hormones
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-short half life
-circulate free and unbound -bind to cell surface receptor |
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where do water soluble hormones primarily bind
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receptors on plasma membrane
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what is signal transduction
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the way in which the hormones are able to communicate into the cell (the process by which extracellular signals are communicated into a cell)
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how do steriod or lipid soluble hormones get into cell
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they diffuse across plasma membrane
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lipid soluble hormones include...
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androgens, estrogens, progestins, glucocortocoids, mineralocorticoids, and thyroid hormones
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what type of receptors do lipid soluble hormones bind to
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nuclear receptors or cytosolic receptors to bind to specific receptors in the DNA
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define up-regulation
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when a cell needs a boost and more receptors are created for a more hormonal response (low concentrations of hormone increase the number of receptors per cell)
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define down-regulation
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less receptors for a less hormonal response (high concentrations of hormone decrease the number of receptors)
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define direct effect
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the obvious changes in cell function that specifically result from stimulation by a particular hormone
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define permissive effects
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less obvious hormone-induced changes that facilitate the maximal response or functioning of a cell
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What are the most important 2nd-messenger molecules
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cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium
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what is the original name for ADH and why
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vasopressin because in extremely high oses it causes vasoconstriction and a resulting increase in arterial blood pressure.
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what process does the thyroid gland control
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metabolic processes
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what is t3 normal level
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80-200 mg
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what is t4 normal level
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4.5-11.5
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what is normal total calcium level
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9-10.5
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what is norml ionized calcium level
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4.5-5.6
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what vitamin is needed to absorb calcium
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vitamin d
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what does ADH stand for
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antidiuretic hormone
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what does ADH do with water
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retains water
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at what % is ADH turned on
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7%
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what gland is essential for bone reabsorption
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parathyroid glands
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what is the pancrease responsible for
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metabolism
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what is the major disorder of the pancrease
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diabetes mellitus
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what does the pancreas house
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islets of langerhans
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insulin is synthesized by what type of cells
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b cells
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insulin control is affected by...
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increased glucose levels, amino acids, gastrointestinal hormones and parasympathetic stimulation of the b cells
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what does low blood levels of glucose mean
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decreased insulin secretion
increased levels of insulin sympathetic stimulation of A cells |
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somatostatin is produce by what type of cells
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d cells
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adrenal gland is broken down into what two parts
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adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla |
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what % is the wight of the adrenal cortex
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80%
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the adrenal cortex secretes what hormones
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glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids adrenal androgens and estrogens |