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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Criminological research question |
question about some aspect of crime/criminals, the answer to which is sought through collection and analysis of the firsthand, verifiable, empirical data |
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What are the three stages of formulating a good research question? |
1. identify question(s) 2. refine question(s) 3. evaluate question(s) |
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What are the three motivations for research? |
policy, personal, academic |
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What is the primary source of research questions for criminologists? |
criminological theory |
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criminological theory |
provides an explanation as to why crime occurs or to why in some places under some conditions |
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What are the 3 important criteria for a good research question? |
feasibility social importance scientific relevence |
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refereed journals |
journals that select research papers for publication based on the peer reviews of other social scientists |
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theory |
logically interrelated set of propositions about empirical reality |
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What do theories do? |
explain predict organize guide research/policy |
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theoretical constructs |
parts of a theory that describe what is important to look at to understand, explain, predict, and guide the subject |
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falsifiable |
when a theory can be tested and falsified or otherwise not supported by empirical evidence |
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deductive reasoning |
general to specific/begin with theory |
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inductive reasoning |
specific to general/begins with data |
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serendipitous findings |
anomalous finding: unexpected patterns in data |
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research circle |
diagram of elements of research process |
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hypothesis |
a tentative statement about empirical reality involving the relationship between two or more variables |
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variable |
characteristics that can vary |
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constant |
number with a fixed value |
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direction of association |
pattern in a cross-tabulation; positive or negative |
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positive relationship |
IV&DV move in same direction |
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negative relationship |
IV&DV move in opposite directions |
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empirical generalizations |
statements that describe patterns found in data |
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What are the motives for inductive research? |
exploration |
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What are the motives for deductive research? |
explanation and evaluation |
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What are the three types of validity? |
measurement generalizability causal validity |
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replications |
repetitions of a study using the same research methods |
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measurement validity |
a measure measures what it is presumed to measure |
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generalizability |
a conclusion holds true for the population and overall group given specified conditions |
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causal (internal) validity |
conclusion actually leads to another phenomenon |
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authenticity |
when the understanding of a social process or social setting is one that reflects fairly the various perspectives of participants in that setting
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sample generalizability |
a conclusion based on a sample, or subset, holds true for whole population |
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cross-population generalizability |
findings about one population apply to all populations |
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What are the types of generalizability? |
sample and cross-population |
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Prison experimentor? |
Philip Zimbardo |
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obedience to authority experimenter? |
Stanley Milgram |
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Belmont report |
1979 commission establishing moral/ethical guidelines for research Respect for persons beneficence justice && Federal policy for the protection of human subjects |
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respect for persons |
protecting those with diminished authority |
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beneficence |
minimizing harms |
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justice |
equal distribution of benefits and risks |
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IRB |
Institutional Review Board |
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debriefing |
informing subjects after an experiment to the purposes |
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privacy certificate |
NIJ document protecting researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information |
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Certificate of confidentiality |
NIH document protects researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information |
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positivism |
belief there exists a reality quite apart from our own perceptions, but knowledge will never be complete |
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post positivism |
there exists an empirical reality, but our understanding is limited by its complexity and by the biases and limitations of researchers |
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intersubjective agreement |
agreement between scientists about the nature of reality |
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interpretivism |
reality is socially constructed and the goal of science is to understand the meaning given to it by people |
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verstehen |
German "understanding" |
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constructivism |
methodology based on rejection of belief in an external reality; stakeholders construct reality |
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Hermeneutic circle |
the dialectical process in which the researcher obtains information from multiple stakeholders in a setting |
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case report |
report to help reader realize the state of affairs and motives |
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participatory action research |
type of research in which the researcher involves some organizational members as active participants |