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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Liberalism |
(Not to be confused with American liberal ideology) places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom, favoring freedom over equality |
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Fascism |
Hostile to the idea of individual freedom but rejects the notion of equality |
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Anarchism |
Like communism, believes that private property/capitalism created inequality, but also places a high value on individual political freedom |
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Market |
Interaction between the forces of supply and demand that allocate good and resources (called welfare) |
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Social Expenditures |
State provision of public benefits: Education, health care, transportation (Who benefits: The unemployed, the poor, the disabled, the elderly) |
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Gini Index |
Most commonly used measure for income inequality |
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Politics |
Struggle for authority to make decisions that will affect the public as a whole |
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True Constitution |
Aim for the common good |
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State |
Organization that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory (centralized authority) |
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Sovereignty |
Ability to carry out actions and policies within a territory independent of external actors and internal rivals |
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Autonomy |
Ability of the state to wield its power independently of public/international actors |
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Regime |
Fundamental rules/norms of politics, providing long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality and the location and use of power toward said goals
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Advantages of Unitary Government |
-Clear, hierarchical authority -Can give or revoke power more easily -Center-periphery stalemates are uncommon -Citizen loyalty centralized |
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Rationales for Federalism |
-Large geographic size of your state -Prior existence of strong states (colonial states) -Attempt to create more unity or accommodate diversity -Desire to concentrate power and resources -Desire to disperse political power |
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How many states in the international system? |
Approximately 193 (200) |
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Hegemony |
One state commands all the power in the international system (e.g. the US after the Gulf War in 1991, people worried that US had unchecked power/influence) |
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How many ethnic groups are there internationally? |
Approximately 5,000 |
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Fundamentalism |
An ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state (make faith the sovereign authority) |
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Nation-state |
Relatively low diversity (e.g. Japan/Portugal). A sovereign state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent |
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3 Important Identities |
1. Ethnic 2. National 3. Citizenship/Patriotism |
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Ethnic Identity |
-A set of specific attributes/societal institutions that makes a group of people culturally different -Based on customs, language, religion -Ascriptive, generally assigned at birth -Not inherently political |
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National Identity |
-A group that desires self-goat through an independent state and believes in its political aspirations -Often, not always derived from ethnic identity -Inherently political, basis for nationalism |
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Citizenship/Patriotism |
-Individuals relation to a state, a person swears allegiance, gets benefits/rights -Purely political, basis for patriotism |
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Marxism |
Political, economic, social theory that the struggle between economic classes is a major force in history and that eventually society should contain no social/economic classes |
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2 most fundamental components of political economy? |
Markets and Property |
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Markets |
Interactions between the forces of supply and demand, and the allocation of resources through the process of these interactions (creating values for goods and services) |
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Property |
Ownership of goods and services exchanged through markets (rights to property) |
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Key Economic Policies of States? |
1. economic growth 2. inflation (need price/service stability) 3. Unemployment 4. Inequality |
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Public Goods |
Some goods can't function properly in market or private hands (roads, national defense, infrastructure) |
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The Great Developmental Debate |
Institutions vs. Geography |
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The Great Divergence |
-A period since 1820 when certain countries diverged with economic growth (developed vs. developing) -Distance between the rich and the poor |
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Neo-corporatism |
Policy making involving the state, labor, and businesses |
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4 ways to measure wealth? |
1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 2. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) 3. Gini Index 4. Human Development Index (HDI) |
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
Total market value of goods and services produced by one country in a year
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How geography affect economic growth? |
Transportation costs, mortality rates, subsistence (food), agricultural productivity, availability of resources, distance to major bodies of water |
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2 ways of holding elections? |
1. Single-Member District Plurality (SMDP) 2. Proportional Representation (PR) |