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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biotechnology |
Use of a cell for a purpose |
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Recombinant DNA Technology |
Insertion of genes to make desired proteins |
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Clone |
Genetically identical cell from once cell |
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Vector |
Self-replicating DNA used to transport foreign DNA into a cell |
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Artificial Selection |
Humans select for a desired trait |
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Site-directed mutagenesis |
A specific gene is targeted and mutated. |
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Restriction Enzymes |
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific restriction sites, leaving sticky or blunt ends. DNA cut by the same one can bind to the original, sewn up by Ligase. |
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Steps of PCR |
-DNA is heated to break H bonds -Add a primer, nucleotides, polymerase -Cool to allow primer to bind to strand -Heat to allow polymerase to bind to primer and add nucleotides -Repeat again and again |
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rtPCR |
Uses reverse transcriptase to made DNA copies from an RNA template. |
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Transformation |
Free (environmental) DNA binds to protein receptors on cell and are taken into the cell. |
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Electroporation |
An electrode opens protein channels on the cell wall so that DNA can slip through. |
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Protoplast fusion |
Two cell walls are enzymatically digested, leaving protoplasts, which fuse at the plasma membrane. Parts of their chromosome form a recombination. The recombinant cell forms a new cell wall. |
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Gene gun |
Microscopic gold coated with DNA are shot at cells (usually euks for size) to penetrate through the cell walls. |
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Microinjection |
A tiny vacuum holds a cell in place while a microneedle injects a gene into the cell. |
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Genomic Libraries |
A collection of clones for a particular species containing a specimen for every particular gene of the species, artificially inserted. |
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cDNA Libraries |
DNA is made from mRNA with reverse transcriptase after processing. We then know exactly what is expressed (euks exons only) |
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Screening using color or antibiotic |
To find a clone with a gene of interest, insert the recombinant plasmid then plate on selective media. Those that grew in antibiotic resistance or a certain color (depending on the gene of interest) are your cells. |
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Select clone with Colony Hybridization |
Replicate plate; treat the filter with a detergent to lyse the cells, the NaOH to open DNA. Add a complementary DNA with fluorescent marker to bind to the appropriate clone. |
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DNA Vaccines |
A non-pathogenic virus is given genes to code for pathogenic proteins as a therapeutic approach. |
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Gene Therapy |
Replacing a missing or defective gene in a patient. |
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Gene Silencing |
Turning off bad genes. siRNAs bind to expressed RNA, and RISC breaks down the double stranded RNA so no protein expression occurs. |
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CRISPR/Cas9 |
Protein can recognize a specific sequence in a genome and cut the sequence out, inserting a new one. |
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Shotgun Sequencing |
Sequencing a genome chunks at a time by breaking it up with many restriction enzymes and then putting all the sequenced chunks together via computer. |
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Metagenomics |
Study of genetic material taken directly from environmental samples, used to ID cells that maybe can't be cultured. |
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Bioinformatics |
Combination of biology and computer science. Understands huge data of genome |
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Proteomics |
Science of determining all of the proteins coded for in a cell. |
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Southern Blotting |
DNA probes are used to ID different fragments. DNA is fragmented, separated by electrophoresis, transferred to a filter and a fluorescent probe is attached to indicate a gene fragment of interest |
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DNA Fingerprinting |
DNA is cut up, ran along a gel, and lined up to create an image of the fragments for comparison. |
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Forensic Microbiology |
DNA evidence used in court. |
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Nanotechnology |
Using viruses, bacteria to make nano-sized particles and supply small metals for nano-sized machines. |
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Agricultural application |
Give a plant herbicide or pest resistance by means of recombinant DNA. |