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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two principal layers of the skin?
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epidermis and dermis
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mucous membrane
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the covering of the various openings in our body including mouth, not, anus and vagina
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How are mucous membranes similar and different then skin?
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Similar: provide a protective barrier against bacterial invasion
Different: secrete a watery substance that lubricates the opening |
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What functions does skin serve?
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Keeps pathogens out, water in, and assists in body temperature regulation
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What happens to the skin in hot environments?
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vessels in skin dilate; it becomes flushed, red and heat radiates out; sweat glands secrete sweat which evaporates causing cooling
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What are the three types of soft tissue injury?
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Closed injury; open injury; burns
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What are closed injuries?
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soft- tissue damage occurs beneath the skin or mucous membrane but the surface remains intact
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What are open injuries?
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there is a break in the surface of the skin or mucous membrane, exposing deeper tissue to potential contamination
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What are burns?
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soft tissue receives more energy than it can absorb without injury.
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What sources of energy cause burns?
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thermal, friction, toxic chemicals, electricity or nuclear radiation
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What is a contusion and how do they occur?
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contusion: bruise
result from blunt force stricking the body |
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What is ecchymosis?
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the blue or black discoloration caused by a build up of blood under the epidermis
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What is a hematoma?
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blood that has collected within damaged tissue or in a body cavity
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Compartment syndrome:
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A condition caused when blood vessels become compressed, cutting off blood flow to tissue
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What are you looking for in the initial assessment of closed injuries?
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General impression; airway and breathing; circulation; transport decision
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What are the next steps in a closed injury case after the initial assessment?
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determinging which type of physical exam needs to be performed; baseline vitals and SAMPLE history
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When would you perform a rapid physical exam?
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when there is a significant MOI
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When would you perform a focused physical exam?
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when there is a nonsignificant MOI
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When should a detailed physical exam be performed?
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anytime there is a serious MOI
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What are the steps of ongoing assessment in a closed injury case?
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repeat initial assessment; communication and documentation
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What is the acronym to be used in soft tissue injury cases?
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RICES
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What does RICES stand for? Explain each.
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R: rest- keep the patient as quiet and comforable as possible
I: ice-slows bleeding by causing blood vessels to constrict and also reduces pain C: compression- over the injury site slows bleeding by compressing blood vessels E: elevation- of the injured part just above the level of the patients heart decreases swelling S: splinting- decreases bleeding and slo reduces pain by immobilizing a soft tissue injury or an injured extremity |
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What is an abrasion?
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a wound of the superficial layer of the skin caused by friction when a body part rubs or scrapes across a rough or hard surface
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What is a laceration?
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a jagged cut caused by a sharp object or a blunt force that tears the tissue
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What is an incision?
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a sharp smooth cut
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What is an avulsion
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an injury that seperates various layers of soft tissue so they become completely detached or hang as a flap
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What is a penetrating wound?
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an injury resulting from a sharp, pointed object
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T or F: Closed and Open wounds caused by crushing may involve damage to internal organs or broken bones.
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True.
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What is the first step when you arrive at a scene with open injuries?
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scene size up and BSI
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What are the parts of the initial assessment of a case with open injuries?
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General impression; airway and breathing; circulation; transport decision
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What should you do if an open wound is found on the chest?
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evaluate for air movement through the wound in the form of bubbling or sucking sounds that indicate a deep penetrating injury. Quickly place an occlusive dressing over the wound.
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What do you do after the initial assessment of a case with open injuries?
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determine type of physical exam needed based on MOI; baseline vitals and SAMPLE history
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What interventions should you take in a case with open wounds?
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if bleeding is found control it as quickly as possible. If it is serious this should be done in the initial assessment; if not serious it can be attended to later.
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What are parts of the ongoing assessment for a case with open wounds?
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reassess often; may be required to add layers to an insufficient bandage.
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What are the steps to controling bleeding from a soft-tissue injury?
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1. Apply a dry, sterile dressing over entire wound and apply pressure with a gloved hand.
2. Maintain the pressure and secure the dressing 3. If bleeding continues or recurs, leave the origional dressing in place and apply a second dressing. 4. Splint the extremity to stabalize the injury even if there is no suspected fracture. |
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What is an evisceration?
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An open wound in the abdomin in which the organs protrude through the wound.
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What are the steps to stabilizing an impaled object?
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1. Do not attempt to move or remove it unless it is causing airway obstruction or interferes with CPR.
2. Remove anyclothing coverin the injury. COntrol bleeding and apply a bulky dressing. 3. Protect the impaled object from being bumped or moved during transport by taping a rigid object over the stabilized object and its bandage. |
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Should you severe partial amputations?
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No
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With a complete amputation, do you want the severed part to freeze?
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No, just to stay cool
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What is an air embolism and how should it be prevented?
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air embolism: enough air is sucked into a blood vesselto block the flow of blood
cover the wound with an occlusive dressing to prevent |
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What 5 factors help you determine burn severity?
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1. depth of burn?
2. extent of the burn 3. any critical areas? 4. any preexisting medical conditions or other? 5. is the patient younger than 5 or older than 55? |
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What are the possible depths of burns?
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superficial (first-degree); partial-thickness(second-degree); full- thickness (third-degree)
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What is a superficial burn?
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1st degree; involves only the epidermis
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What is a partial-thickness burn?
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2nd degree; involves the epidermis and some portion of the dermis
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What is a full-thickness burn?
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3rd degree; involves all layers of skin and may involve subcutaneous layers, muscle, bone, or internal organs.
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What is the Palmer Method?
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Estimating the size of the burn by comparing it to the patients palm which is equal to 1% of the patients total body surface area.
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What is the Rule of Nines?
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divides the body into sections, each which is approximately 9% of the total surface area
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What should you remember about children and infants when using the rule of nines?
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their head is relatively larger and legs smaller
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What is considered a critical burn in infants and children?
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full or partial-thickness burns covering more than 20% of the bodys total surface area; burns involving hands, feet, face, airway, or genitalia
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What is considered a moderate burn in infants and children?
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partial-thickness burns covering 10%-20% of the bodys total surface area
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What is considered a minor burn in infants and children?
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partial-thickness burns covering less than 10% of the body's total surface area
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What is the goal in treating patients with burns?
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to stop the burning process, assess and treat breathing, support circulation and provide rapid transport.
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What is mandatory of inhalation burns?
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Oxygen
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What are the steps to caring for a burn patient?
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1. Follow BSI
;Move patient away from burning area; If allowed by local protocol, immerse the area in cool sterile water 2. provide high-flow oxygen 3. rapidly estimate burns severity; check for traumatic injury 4. treat patient for shock 5. prevent furthur heat loss by covering the patient with warm blankets; provide prompt transport |
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T or F: You should consider all small animal bites as contaminated and potentially infected wounds that may require antibiotics, tetanus and suturing.
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true
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What are the steps of treating a human bite?
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1. promptly immobilize the area
2. apply a dry, sterile dressing 3. provide transport |
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What are the three primary functions of dressings and bandages?
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control bleeding; protect the wound from furthur damage; prevent furthur contamination and infection
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