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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Intracellular fluid has how many hydrogen (H+) ions in a liter of fluid?
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7
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what is the most acidic substance in the body?
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gastric juices
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veinous blood has a pH of ____
Arterial blood's pH is ____ |
Veinous (7.36)
Arterial (7.41) |
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what is an acid waste by-product of cellular respiration?
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
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An arterial blood pH of ____ is considered acidosis?
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7.35
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what is the clinical term for an arterial pH of 7.45?
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alkalosis
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the lungs are capable of removing about how much carbonic acid each day?
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~30 liters
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how do acid and base enter and influence the human body?
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minerals that remain after food has been metabolized
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name some Acid-forming elements
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chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus
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name the alkaline forming elements
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potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium
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what food are base-forming foods?
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fruits (like Reece) and vegetables
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what are examples of foods when metabolized leave a acid forming residue?
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high-protein foods (meat, fish, poultry, and eggs)
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what are two example of "direct acid forming" food?
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rhubarb(oxalic) and cranberries(benzoic)
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give an example of a direct base-forming substance?
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antacids such as sodium bicarbonate
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what do buffers do?
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prevent swings in pH
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which type of pH control mechanism is "fast" acting?
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Chemical buffer system
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how is carbonic acid formed?
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by-product of aerobic glucose metabolism
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how is Lactic acid formed?
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by-product of anaerobic glucose metabolism
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How is sulfuric acid formed?
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by-product of oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids
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the breakdown of ribonucleotides form what?
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Phosphoric acid
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How are Acidic ketone bodies formed?
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breakdown of fats
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what is the pH of Urine and saliva?
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Urine-6.0
Saliva-6.5 |
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What is the pH of coffee?
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5.0
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What is the pH of tomatoes?
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4.0
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What is the most acidic substance measured?
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(hydrochloric acid)
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How is the pH of Sea water compared to pancreatic fluid?
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Sea water - 8.0
Pancreas juice - 8.1 |
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What is the pH of Baking soda?
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9.0
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What is the pH of Bicarbonate of soda?
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12.0
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How do chemical buffers work?
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immediatly combine w/ any added acid or alkali that enter the body fluid and prevent drastic changes in hydrogen ion concentration change.
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what are the physiological delayed action buffers?
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respiratory response (takes minutes)
renal response (takes hours) |
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what are the chemical - rapid action buffers?
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Bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system |
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What mechanisms collectively, constitute the pH homeostatic mechanism?
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buffers
respiration kidney excretion of acids and bases |
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Volatile acids such as carbonic acid are buffered how?
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by potassium salts of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin
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nonvolatile acids such as hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, and ketone bodies are buffered how
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sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
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how does the body control an increase of CO2 in the blood?
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increases lung activity and urine output of H+
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what is the range blood must be maintained at?
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7.36-7.41
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T / F
Buffers prevent pH changes |
False
buffers minimize them but do not prevent changes |
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What are the main buffer pairs in body fluid?
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Bicarbonate pair
Plasma * protein pair Hemoglobin pair Phosphate pair |
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what does a buffer pair in body fluid usually consist of?
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a weak acid and a salt of that acid. (usually Na+ or K+ salts)
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what happens when a buffer comes in contact with a strong acid or base?
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it generally replaces it with a weaker acid or base ie.. (thus in acids dissociating fewer H+ ions)
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what is a condition resulting from severe emisis (such as pernicious vomiting) which massively depletes the stomach's chloride?
What is the treatment? |
metabolic alkalosis
tx: 0.9 % NaCl (replaces bicarb. ions with Cl) |
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What mechanism makes it possible for carbonic acid to be buffered in RBC's then carried as bicarb. in plasma?
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Chloride shift
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one can not maintain normal pH without functioning of which two systems?
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respiratory and urinary pH control mechanism
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what enzyme found in RBC's makes the formation of CO2 with water to carbonic acid possible?
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carbonic anhydrase 1 (in cytoplasm)
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the process of exchanging a bicarbonate ion (from RBC) with a chloride ion (from plasma) is called what?
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chloride shift
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carbonic acid is buffered by what in the RBC?
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potassium salt of hemoglobin
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the amount of blood carbon dioxide directly relates to what?
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the amount of carbonic acid, therefore the concentration of (H+)
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what is the term for the return or correction of acid-base balance and buffer pair returns to normal 20:1 as a result?
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correction
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What does the term compensation mean?
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the adjustment of the ratio of base to acid maintained keeps pH "normal" despite changes of absolute amounts of either component of the buffer pair.
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where are the respiratory centers of the brain?
& in the body? |
neurons sensitive to arterial blood pH in the medulla oblongata
& the carotid chemoreflexes |