Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Respiratory System
|
Supplies O2 to blood and gets rid of CO2
|
|
The Respiratory System consists of
|
–Nose and nasal cavity
–Throat (pharynx) –Voice box (larynx) –Windpipe (trachea) –Bronchial tubes –Lungs |
|
The Respiratory System
|
|
|
Functions of Respiratory System
|
•Cleaning and humidifying air
•Ventilation •Gas exchange •Gas transport •Smell •Speech |
|
Pulmonary Lobule
|
|
|
Pulmonary Lobule
|
-Small compartments within lungs
-Separated by elastic connective tissue |
|
Pulmonary Lobule Consist of:
|
-Terminal bronchiole supplies air to lobule
-Several branches of terminal bronchiole called respiratory bronchioles -Branches of respiratory bronchioles called alveolar ducts supply air to alveolar sacs -Alveolar sacs consist of several bubble-like chambers called alveoli (alveolus) where most gas exchange with blood occurs -Blood supply |
|
Terminal bronchiole
|
supplies air to lobule
|
|
Several branches of terminal bronchiole called
|
respiratory bronchioles
|
|
respiratory bronchioles
|
first part of lungs capable of gas exchange
|
|
Branches of respiratory bronchioles called
|
alveolar ducts supply air to alveolar sacs
|
|
Alveolar sacs consist of several bubble-like chambers called
|
alveoli (alveolus) where most gas exchange with blood occurs
|
|
Pulmonary Lobule with Alveolar Sac
|
|
|
Pulmonary Lobule
|
|
|
Pulmonary Lobule
|
|
|
Details of Alveolar Structure
|
|
|
Respiratory Membrane (RM)
|
gas exchange
|
|
Respiratory Physiology
|
•Ventilation
•Control of Ventilation •Gas Exchange •Gas Transport •Carbon dioxide transport |
|
Ventilation
•Basic concepts and definitions |
–Breathing in is called inhalation or inspiration
–Breathing out is called exhalation or expiration |
|
Breathing in is called
|
inhalation or inspiration
|
|
Breathing out is called
|
exhalation or expiration
|
|
Inhalation
|
Contraction of diaphragm and rib muscles (ext. intercostals) enlarges chest
|
|
Inhalation
|
Reduces intrapulmonary pressure to below (negative to) atmospheric pressure
|
|
Inhalation
|
Air flows into lungs
|
|
Exhalation
|
Diaphragm and rib muscles (ext. Intercostals) relax
|
|
Exhalation
|
Chest gets smaller
|
|
Exhalation
|
Elastic recoil of chest and lungs, and contraction of certain muscles
|
|
Exhalation
|
Increases intrapulmonary (lung) pressure to above (positive to) atmospheric pressure
|
|
Exhalation
|
Air is pushed (squeezed) out of lungs
|
|
Ventilation Explained by Boyle’s Law
|
•Boyle’s Law
–As size of container increases, pressure inside decreases –As the size of container decreases, pressure inside is increases |
|
Ventilation Explained by Boyle’s Law
|
|
|
Ventilation Cycle – Between Breathes
|
|
|
Inhalation
|
|
|
Exhalation
|
|
|
Resting Ventilation
|
Eupnea
|
|
Inhalation is active
|
–Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles expand chest and lungs
–Intrapulmonary pressure decreases to below atmospheric pressure –Air flows into lungs |
|
Exhalation is passive
|
–Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
–Chest volume decreases –Elastic recoil of lungs increases intrapulmonary pressure to above (positive to) atmospheric pressure –Air flows out of lungs |
|
Forced inhalation and exhalation
|
Must be larger change in chest and lung volumes resulting in larger changes in intrapulmonary pressure
|
|
Forced inhalation and exhalation
|
Other muscles become involved resulting in deeper inhalation followed by more forceful exhalation
|
|
Forced inhalation and exhalation
|
Muscles not only expand chest on inhalation, they compress chest on exhalation
|
|
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
|
•Volume is one measure of quantity of air
•Capacity is sum of two or more volumes •Spirometer or respirometer device for measuring volumes and capacities •Record called spirogram |
|
Volume
|
is one measure of quantity of air
|
|
Capacity
|
is sum of two or more volumes
|
|
Spirometer or respirometer device
|
for measuring volumes and capacities
|
|
Record
|
called spirogram
|
|
Ventilation Rates and Volumes
|
•Ventilation rate is number of breaths per minute
•Resting ventilation rate is 12-18 breaths per minute •Tidal volume (TV) or (VT) is amount of air in one breath •Resting tidal volume is around 500 mL |
|
Ventilation rate is
|
number of breaths per minute
|
|
Resting ventilation rate is
|
12-18 breaths per minute
|
|
Tidal volume (TV) or (VT) is
|
amount of air in one breath
|
|
Resting tidal volume is
|
around 500 mL
|
|
Respiratory Minute Volume
|
–If rate = 12 breaths per minute
–And Tidal volume (VT) = 500 mL per minute –Then respiratory minute volume = |
|
Ventilation Rates and Volumes
|
•If resting tidal volume (VT) = 500 mL, then
•Alveolar Ventilation (VA) –350 mL reaches alveoli –Participates in gas exchange |
|
Anatomic Dead Space or Air (VD)
|
–150 mL remains in conducting airways above alveoli
–This air does not participate in gas exchange –Is mixture of fresh inhaled air and air to be exhaled |
|
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
|
–Additional volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort after the tidal volume.
–Might be more than 3 liters –Provides more inhaled air when active |
|
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
|
–Additional volume that can be exhaled after the tidal volume
–Might be around 1liter |
|
Residual Volume (RV)
|
–Volume that cannot be exhaled
–Lungs must remain inflated –Might be around 1 liter |
|
Vital Capacity (VC)
|
–Maximum amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one respiratory cycle
–VC = VT + IRV + ERV |
|
Spirogram
|
|