Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
|
DNA--->RNA (transcription)
RNA--->Proteins (translation) |
|
These cause changes in DNA, resulting in different proteins
|
Mutations
|
|
Who discovered the cell?
|
Robert Hook, believing they resembled the rooms monks live in in monasteries
|
|
Cell Theory
|
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. The cell is the smallest functional unit of life. 3. Cells come from pre-existing cells. |
|
Cells without a nucleus
|
Prokaryotes
|
|
Most diverse class of cells
|
Prokaryotes
|
|
What are the bacteria we encounter on a daily basis?
|
Eubacteria
|
|
What are the bacteria that live in extreme environments called?
|
Archaebacteria
|
|
Cells that contain a nucleus
|
Eukaryotes
|
|
Mitochondria
|
Cellular Respiration
|
|
Theory that a bacteria was taken into the cell through endocytosis, forming a membrane-bound vesicle
|
Endosymbiotic theory
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
Used to make membrane-bound proteins or synthesize lipids
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
Receives proteins/lipids from ER, modifies, and sends to destination.
|
|
Lysosome
|
Intracellular digestion
|
|
Peroxisome
|
Reactions using hydrogen peroxide take place here
|
|
Cytosol
|
Everything excluding nucleus and organelles
|
|
Order smallest to largest, of proteins forming the cytoskeleton
|
Actin<Intermediate<Microtubules
|
|
Actin
|
Aids movement
|
|
Microtubules
|
Transport, chromosome division
|
|
Intermediate
|
Support and framework
|
|
Types of Non-Covalent Bonds
|
Hydrophobic, Ionic, Hydrogen, Van der Waals forces
|
|
Monomer of Polysaccharides
|
Monosaccharides
|
|
Monomer of Lipids
|
Fatty Acids
|
|
Monomer of Proteins
|
Amino Acids
|
|
Monomer of Nucleic Acids
|
Nucleotides
|
|
Pentoses
|
5-Carbon sugars
|
|
Hexoses
|
6-Carbon Sugars
|
|
What type of bond connects monosaccharides?
|
Glycosidic bond
|
|
What connects amino acids?
|
Peptide bond linkage
|
|
Purines
|
Adenine, Guanine (Pure As Gold)
|
|
Anabolic Metabolism
|
Requires energy (i.e monomers--->polymers
|
|
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
|
In the universe or any isolated systems, the degree of disorder (entropy) can only increase
|
|
Entropy Example
|
An egg-- random molecules form an organized embryo, chemical energy is converted to heat, releasing heat to increase entropy
|
|
1st Law of Thermodynamics
|
Energy can be converted from one form to another but never destroyed
|
|
Light-Dependent Reactions
|
Using solar energy, Oxygen is generated
|
|
Carbon Fixation
|
Chemical energy is used to form organic molecules
|
|
Equation for Photosynthesis
|
Light+CO2+H20--->Sugars+O2+
heat |
|
Equation for Respiration
|
Sugars+O2--->Co2+H20+chem energy+heat
|
|
Controlled burning
|
Extraction of energy from food, gradual oxidation
|
|
Free energy depends on
|
Difference if free energy of reactants and products; concentration of reactants and products
|
|
Chemical Equilibrium
|
no net change in concentration of products and reactants
|
|
Steps of the breakdown of simple subunits to Acetyl CoA
|
Glycolysis
Glucose(6C)--->2Pyruvate(3C) Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Pyruvate--->Acetyl CoA |
|
Steps of complete oxidation of Acetyl CoA to Co2 and H20
|
Krebs Cycle- generates NADH, FADH2, and GTP
Electron Transport Chain using NADH and FADH2 ATP Synthase- energy from electron transport generates atp synthesis |
|
energy is derived from
|
carbs, proteins, fats
|
|
5 Carbon Sugars
|
Ribose, Deoxyribose
|
|
6 Carbon Sugars
|
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
|
|
Sucrose
|
Fructose and Glucose
|
|
Maltose
|
Glucose and Glucose
|
|
Lactose
|
galactose and glucose
|
|
Oligosachharides
|
A few sugars, Glycolipids and glycoproteins
|
|
Polysaccharides
|
Starch and Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin
|
|
Bond between phosphate groups (nucleic acids)
|
Phosphoanhydride bonds
|
|
Bond between nucleic acids
|
Phospodiester Bonds
|
|
Bond between amino acids
|
Peptide bonds
|
|
Bond between sugars
|
Glycosidic
|