Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Compared with the preschool years, the rate of growth during middle childhood is:
|
slower.
|
|
In childhood, “overweight” is defined as:
|
having a BMI above the 85th percentile.
|
|
A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airway is:
|
asthma.
|
|
Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention of asthma?
a. ridding the house of allergens b. eradication of cockroaches c. injections and inhalers d. decreasing pollution |
a. ridding the house of allergens
|
|
Reaction time refers to:
|
the time it takes to respond either cognitively or physically to a stimulus.
|
|
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others is:
|
selective attention.
|
|
A person who glances at a billboard and reads it without intending to do so displays:
|
automatization.
|
|
Intellectual aptitude is measured with:
|
IQ tests.
|
|
“Gifted” generally refers to children:
|
with IQ's above 130.
|
|
Today, children are classified as mentally retarded:
|
if they have an IQ score below 70 and are markedly behind their peers in adaptation to daily life.
|
|
Many developmentalists criticize IQ tests because:
a. they are culturally biased. b. intellectual potential changes over the lifespan. c. they fail to measure achievement. d. all of these answers are correct. |
d. all of these answers are correct.
|
|
Which theorist proposed nine distinct types of intelligences?
|
Gardner
|
|
Children who because of a physical or mental disability require extra help to learn are referred to as:
|
children with special needs.
|
|
The presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time is:
|
comorbidity.
|
|
_________ combined with psychotherapy is the most effective treatment for ADHD.
|
Medication
|
|
Learning disability refers to:
|
a marked delay in a particular area of learning.
|
|
What is one of the three signs of an autistic spectrum disorder?
|
unusual play
|
|
____________ is an autistic spectrum disorder described as “high functioning.”
|
Asperger syndrome
|
|
The rate of autism is:
|
increasing.
|
|
A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs is referred to as a(n):
|
individualized education plan (IEP).
|
|
During middle childhood:
a. mortal injuries are unusual. b. it is the healthiest period of the lifespan. c. fatal illnesses are rare. d. all of these answers are correct. |
d. all of these answers are correct.
|
|
The statement that growth slows down during middle childhood:
|
refers to a decrease in the rate of physical growth.
|
|
In childhood, “obesity” is defined as:
|
having a BMI above the 95th percentile.
|
|
Asthma rates are:
|
highest among school-age children.
|
|
A primary level of prevention aimed at asthma is:
|
better ventilation of schools.
|
|
The time it takes to respond to a physical or cognitive stimulus is:
|
reaction time.
|
|
A baseball player at bat who ignores the other team’s attempts to distract them is engaging in:
|
selective attention.
|
|
The process by which a sequence of thoughts and actions is repeated until it becomes routine and no longer requires conscious thought is:
|
automatization.
|
|
__________ measure(s) the potential to learn or master a particular skill or body of knowledge.
|
IQ tests
|
|
Which one of the following statements about IQ tests is TRUE?
a. IQ tests predict school achievement. b. IQ tests cannot predict adult success. c. Because the tests are standardized, they can be used with people of any culture. d. IQ tests measure emotional aptitude. |
a. IQ tests predict school achievement.
|
|
Which is one of the types of intelligence identified by Sternberg?
a. creative b. social-emotional c. sensory motor d. analytical |
a. creative
|
|
The ability to regulate one’s emotions and understand other people’s feelings is:
|
emotional intelligence.
|
|
Which is one type of intelligence identified by Howard Gardner?
|
intrapersonal
|
|
What percent of U.S. children are diagnosed with ADHD?
|
5%
|
|
A diagnosis of ADHD indicates that a child not only has problems concentrating but also:
|
is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.
|
|
What is curious about the drugs used to treat ADHD?
|
They are drugs that are generally stimulants for adults.
|
|
One of the most commonly diagnosed learning disabilities involving reading is:
|
dyslexia.
|
|
One of the core symptoms of autism is __ language?
|
delayed
|
|
Children with severe symptoms of autism:
|
can benefit from early intervention.
|
|
Sally, who has autism, is provided appropriate aids and services in a “regular” classroom. This approach to education is referred to as:
|
inclusion.
|
|
Concrete operational thought
|
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
|
|
classification
|
the organization of things into groups according to some characteristic that they have in common.
|
|
identity
|
the principle that some objects remain the same even if some characteristics appear to shift
|
|
reversibility
|
the principle that after being changed, a thing may be returned to its original state
|
|
information-processing theory
|
a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data
|
|
sensory memory
|
the first component of human information processing system. sensations are retained for a moment so that some of them can become perceptions.
|
|
working memory
|
(short term memory) the component in which current conscious mental activity occurs.
|
|
long-term memory
|
virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.
|
|
knowledge base
|
a body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area.
|
|
transitive inference
|
the ability to grasp connections that are implied not stated.
|
|
metacognition
|
"thinking about thinking" the ability to evaluate a task in order to determine how to best accomplish it
|
|
language shift
|
a change from one language to another, which occurs not only in speaking and in writing, but also in the brain.
|
|
immersion
|
a strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second language that the child is learning.
|
|
bilingual education
|
a strategy in which the school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second language.
|
|
ESL
|
(English as a second language) an intensive course to learn basic English so that children can be educated in the same class as native English speakers.
|
|
According to Piaget, the stage of thinking that is characteristic of middle childhood is:
|
concrete operational.
|
|
Carly is given grapes and strawberries. When asked if she has more grapes or fruit, she responds, “I have more fruits.” Carly is using the logical concept of:
|
classification
|
|
The knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series is:
|
seriation
|
|
The principle that after being changed, a thing may be returned to its original state is:
|
reversibility
|
|
Piaget stressed the ______________ while Vygotsky stressed the _________________.
a. sociocultural context; maturational approach b. importance of instruction by others; child’s own discovery of concepts c. child’s own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction by others d. apprenticeship method of learning; formal education of children |
c. child’s own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction by others
|
|
Information-processing theory compares human thinking processes to:
|
computers
|
|
__________ memory stores incoming stimulus information for a split second to allow it to be processed.
|
sensory
|
|
By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory becomes:
|
virtually limitless
|
|
Mechanisms that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the system are called:
|
control processes
|
|
A child’s ability to speak formally or informally depending on the audience and the context is called:
|
pragmatics
|
|
According to the text, a child who is learning English as a second language is referred to as a(n):
|
English-language learner.
|
|
Seven-year-old Skyla is from Holland and only speaks Dutch. At school, all subjects (reading, social science, and so on) are taught entirely in English. This method of teaching a second language is:
|
total immersion
|
|
Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences is ____________ thought.
|
concrete operational
|
|
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups or categories according to some characteristic they have in common is:
|
classification.
|
|
Taylor understands the idea that the sum of 5 can be achieved in a variety of ways (4 + 1, 3 + 2, 0 + 4). Taylor has grasped the concept of:
|
identity
|
|
Four-year-old Sheldon refused to eat his ham and cheese sandwich. He told his mother, “I do not like cheese.” His mother opened the sandwich in front of him and removed the cheese. However, Sheldon still refused to eat the sandwich and stated, “Cheese is gross.” Sheldon has not grasped the logical principle of:
|
reversibility
|
|
Vygotsky believed that children learn from their:
|
peers, culture, and teachers
|
|
The use of mental processes to search for information, analyze it, and then express the analysis of the information is:
|
information-processing theory
|
|
The component of the brain in which current conscious mental activity occurs is _______ memory.
|
working
|
|
Which aspect of memory has a virtually limitless capacity by middle childhood?
|
long-term memory
|
|
Control processes include:
|
selective attention, meta-cognition, and emotional regulation.
|
|
Many children use codes in their text messages (LOL, , 411,). The use of these codes in this context indicates the child understands:
|
pragmatics
|
|
Middle childhood is a good time for learning a second language because children:
|
are eager to communicate and talk, are logical, and have an ear for nuances of code and pronunciation.
|
|
The arrangement in which children who do not speak English are placed together and given an intensive course in basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers is called:
|
English as a second language (ESL).
|
|
Juanita speaks Spanish. She is learning to speak English. In her third grade classroom, school subjects are taught in both English and Spanish. This method of teaching a second language is:
|
bilingual education
|
|
During Erikson’s crisis of industry versus inferiority, children:
|
attempt to master many skills.
|
|
According to Erikson, if 8-year-old Kristina does NOT solve her psychosocial conflict, she will develop a view of herself that is:
|
inferior
|
|
Freud referred to middle childhood as the period of:
|
latency
|
|
The tendency to assess one’s own abilities by measuring them against those of other people, especially peers, is:
|
social comparison
|
|
The capacity to develop optimally by adapting positively to significant adversity is called:
|
resilience
|
|
Daily hassles:
|
can accumulate to make other stresses more harmful.
|
|
The way in which a family works to meet the needs of its members is referred to as:
|
family function
|
|
A nuclear family consists of:
|
a father, a mother, and their biological children under age 18 living in one household.
|
|
The rarest family structure is:
|
polygamous
|
|
The term “culture of children” refers to:
|
the particular habits and styles reflecting rules and rituals that are distinct from those of adult society.
|
|
Older children tend to choose best friends:
|
whose interests, values, and backgrounds are similar to their own.
|
|
Rita, who is unpopular among her peers, frequently ridicules and antagonizes other children. Her behavior suggests that she is a(n):
|
aggressive-rejected child
|
|
The ability to understand human interactions is called:
|
social cognition.
|
|
Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of:
|
bullying
|
|
Girls who bully tend to use ______ aggression.
|
relational
|
|
A difference between the behaviors of middle-school children and younger children is that:
|
middle-school children are more likely to behave prosocially.
|
|
Eleven-year-old Eric raised thousands of dollars for Katrina disaster victims. He believes that his efforts will help to improve some victims’ living conditions. He is demonstrating:
|
social efficacy
|
|
According to Kholberg, the crucial factor in determining what stage of moral reasoning a person is using is:
|
the reasons for their answers
|
|
Kholberg’s second level of moral reasoning emphasizes:
|
social rules
|
|
Kohlberg’s view of children’s development of moral reasoning was criticized because he:
|
failed to study moral reasoning in girls
|
|
What is Erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial development?
|
industry vs inferiority
|
|
Identify the typical child in the crisis of industry versus inferiority stage:
a. Jill, who avoids learning new skills. b. Marisol, who can’t wait to begin her first karate class. c. John, who has difficulty making friends. d. Gustavo, who is struggling with his identity. |
b. Marisol, who can’t wait to begin her first karate class.
|
|
During the ______, Freud believed that children’s emotional drives and psychosocial needs are quiet.
|
latency stage
|
|
Emma, who is in the fourth grade, announces to her mother, “I am the fastest runner in my class, but not the entire school.” Emma is engaging in:
|
social comparison
|
|
Toward the end of middle childhood, ________ decreases.
|
self-esteem
|
|
The ability to regulate one’s emotions and actions, through effort is referred to as:
|
effortful control
|
|
Family structure refers to:
|
legal and genetic relationships of family members.
|
|
A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children younger than 18 is referred to as a:
|
nuclear family
|
|
The most common type of family structure for U.S. children aged 6–11 is:
|
nuclear
|
|
In the United States, ____ percent of all school-age children live in a single-parent family.
|
28
|
|
The particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society is referred to as:
|
the culture of children
|
|
A child who is ignored, but not shunned, by his or her peers is considered a(n):
|
neglected
|
|
A child who is rejected by peers because of timid and anxious behavior is referred to as:
|
withdrawn-rejected
|
|
Social cognition refers to:
|
the ability to understand social interactions
|
|
Characteristics of bullying are:
|
repeated, systematic attacks intended to harm a weaker person.
|
|
The idea that people come to believe they can affect their circumstances—and this belief then leads to action that changes the social context—is:
|
social-efficacy
|
|
The theorist associated with the six stages of moral reasoning is:
|
Kohlberg
|
|
The type of moral reasoning that focuses on both the social standards and the laws is called:
|
conventional
|
|
Because Iris thinks that it is moral to break the law in some circumstances, Kohlberg would place her moral reasoning at the:
|
social contract stage
|
|
Not telling adults what is happening and trying to not be different from one’s peers are examples of:
|
common values of middle school children
|