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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Karl Scheele |
Founder of Biochemistry |
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Karl Scheele |
Studied the composition of matter in 1700 |
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Schleiden and Schwann |
Formulated the Cell Theory in 1840 |
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Walther Flemming |
Discovered chromosomes in 1875 |
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Carl Newberg |
German scientist who coined the word 'Biochemistry' |
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Hans Kreb |
Proposed the Kreb Cycle in 1937 |
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Embden & Meyerhoff |
Described the glycotic pathway in 1925 |
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James Watson & Francis Crick |
Described the double helical structure of DNA |
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Edward & Hans Buchner |
Found out that extracts from yeasts could bring about the fermentation of sugar into alcohol in 1897 |
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Paul Boyer and J. Walker |
Discovered the "Rotary Engine" that generated ATP in 1997 |
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Danish J. Skou |
Studied the "pump" that drives sodium and potassium across membranes |
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Stanley Prusiner |
Discovered the organism that caused "mad cow disease" |
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Ruska, et. al. |
Discovered the electron microscope |
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Structural Metabolism Genetics |
3 areas of Biochemistry |
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Biomolecules |
Molecules found in living matter |
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Small molecules Macromolecules |
Two broad types of biomolecules |
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Amino Acids |
Monomers of proteins |
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Nitrogenous bases |
Pyramidines and Purines |
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Sugars |
Glucose, galactose, mannose |
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Sugar alcohol |
Example: Glycerol |
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Nitrogenous alcohol |
Example: Choline |
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Fatty Acids |
Examples: almitic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid |
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H+ and OH- |
Ionization products of water |
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Hydrogen bonding |
Enables water to dissovle many organic biomolecules |
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H-bonds |
Account for the surface tension, viscosity, liquid state at room temperature, and solvent power of water. |
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high H+ conc |
Low pH values |
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low H+ conc |
High pH values |
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Acids |
Proton donors |
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Bases |
Proton acceptors |
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Hydrogen bonding |
Enables water to dissolve many organic biomolecules that contain functional groups |
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Oxidation |
Process wherein most of the energy liberated by living matter is derived from the oxidation of organic substances such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
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Reduction |
Loss of oxygen or by gain of hydrogen or electrons. |
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Hydrolysis |
Union of a substance with one or more molecules of water. |
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Hydrolysis |
Large molecules are broken down into smaller and simpler forms. |
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Condensation |
Simple fragments unite with one another to form a more complex compound. |
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Tautomerism |
Also known as isometric transformation. |
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Tautomerism |
Intramolecular rearrangement of atoms within a molecule. |
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Diffusion |
Interpenetration of molecules between two substances. |
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Diffusion |
Occurs whenever the solute distributes itself uniformly into the solvent. |
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size of molecules, temperature, molecular weight |
factors affecting diffusion |
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Osmosis |
Passage of water molecules from high to low concentration or from high osmotic pressure to low osmotic pressure through a semi-permeable membrane. |
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Isotonic |
Equal concentration of ions in solution and cell |
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Hypertonic |
High concentration of ions vs the cell |
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Hypotonic |
Low concentration of ions in solution vs the cell |
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Nucleotides Amino Acids Monosaccharides Fatty Acids |
Building Blocks |
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Precursors from the Environment Metabolic Intermediates Building Blocks Macromolecules Supramolecular Assemblies Organelles |
Hierarchy in the Molecular Organization of Cells |
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Nucleic Acids Proteins Polysaccharides Lipids |
Macromolecules |
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Nucleus Mitochondria Golgi Complex Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosomes |
Organelles |
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Parts of the Cell |
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Nucleus |
Contains most of the cell's genes and is usually thr most conspicuous organelle |
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Nuclear Envelope |
Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. |
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Nuclear Lamina |
Maintains the shape of the nucleus and is composed of proteins |
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Chromosomes |
In the nucleus, the DNA is organized into discrete units called? |
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Chromatin |
The DNA and proteins of chromosomes together |
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Chromatin |
Condenses to form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide |
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Nucleolus |
Located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis |
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Ribosomes |
Complexes of rRNA and protein |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells. |
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Smooth ER Rough ER |
Two distinct regions of ER |
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Smooth ER |
lacks ribosome |
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Rough ER |
Studded with ribosomes |
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Functional Groups |
The basis for the classification of organic compounds into families |
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Alkanes |
Simplest family of molecules |
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Straight-chain alkane |
Carbon connected in a row; normal alkanes |
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Branched-chain alkanes |
Examples: 2-methylpropane, 2,2-dimethylpropane |
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Alkyl Groups |
Removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane |
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Dichloromethane |
Widely used haloalkane solvent |
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Alkenes and Alkynes |
Unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-carbon double bond. |
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120 degrees |
Bond angle for alkenes and alkynes |
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Rhodopsin |
Reddish compound |
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Terpenes |
The essential oil found in plants |
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Benzene |
Six carbon rings with alternating single and double bonds and one hydrogen bonded to each carbon |
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Contributing structure |
Each Lewis structure is called a |
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Phenyl Group |
The aryl group derived by removing a hydrogen atom from benzene. |
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Arenes |
Alkyl-substituted benzenes |
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Carcinogen |
A compound that causes cancer |
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Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) |
Contains two or more benzene rings |
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Thyroxine |
Hormone produced in the thyroid glands |
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Trinitrololuene |
TNT; explosive |
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Ketone |
Carbonyl is bonded to 2 carbon atoms |
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Acetone (propanone) |
Simplest ketone |
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Aldehyde |
Carbonyl is bonded to a hydrogen atom |
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Methanal |
Simplest aldehyde |
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Aliphatic Amine Aromatic Amine Heterocyclic Amine Heterocyclic Aliphatic Amine Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine |
Types of Amines |
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Aliphatic amine |
Type of amine where all the carbons bonded to nitrogen is derived from alkyl groups |
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Aromatic amine |
One or more of the groups bonded to nitrogen are aryl groups |
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Heterocyclic amine |
An amine in which nitrogen is one of the atoms of a ring |
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Heterocyclic aliphatic amine |
When the ring is saturated |
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Heterocyclic aromatic amine |
An amine in which nitrogen is one of the atoms of an aromatic ring; purines and pyramidines |