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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
ergonovine
|
α + 5HT stimulator
constricts VSMCs used to prevent post-partum bleed out used diagnostically to induced prinzmetal's angina |
#pharmacology #autonomics
#cardiovascular #pathology #reproductive #diagnostics #drugs |
|
thiolase
|
enzyme which conjugates 2 acetyl-CaA → acetoacetyl-CoA
the necessary substrate for HMG CoA Synthase in the formation of cholesterol |
#biochemistry #molecules #cardiovascular
|
|
Aminocaproic Acid
|
inhibits plasminogen activation
used to inhibit fibrinolysis ie tPA or streptokinase OD [sibling Rx: tranexamic acid] |
#drugs #pharmacology #cardiovascular
|
|
Tranexamic Acid
|
inhibits plasminogen activation
used to inhibit fibrinolysis ie tPA or streptokinase OD [sibling Rx: Aminocaproic Acid] |
#drugs #pharmacology #cardiovascular
|
|
DOC: tPA overload
|
Aminocaproic Acid or Tranexamic Acid
inhibits plasminogen activation used to inhibit fibrinolysis ie tPA or streptokinase OD |
#drugs #pharmacology #cardiovascular
|
|
BP 180/70
|
isolated systolic hypertension 2° age related aortic stiffening
also seen in panic attacks |
#cardiovascular #pathology #geriatrics
|
|
isolated systolic hypertension
|
isolated systolic hypertension 2° age related aortic stiffening
common in elderly also seen in panic attacks |
#cardiovascular #pathology #geriatrics
|
|
Bumetanide
|
Loop Diuretic like Furosimide
[Loop Diuretic toxicities: Ototixicity, Hypokalemia, Dehydration, Allergic Rxn, Interstitial Nephritis, Gout Mn: OH DANG!] |
#pharmacology #nephrology #cardiovascular
|
|
c-myc fnx
|
nuclear transcription factor
|
#molecules #pathology #neoplasia
|
|
Radius vs Resistance
|
R = viscosity * length / radius ^4
NB: ^4 |
#physiology
#cardiovascular |
|
DOC: Refractorily High LDL
|
First Line Drug: Statin
Competitively (vs Mevalonate) inhibits HMG CoA Reductase Hepatocytes ↑ LDL receptors to compensate Tox: Hepatotixic, Rhabdotoxic Refractory: Add Ezetimibe Inhibits Brush Border Cholesterol Resorption Tox: Rare, hepatotoxic |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular #lipids
|
|
DOC: Refractorily High TAGs
|
First Line Drug: Fibrates
↑ LPL Tox: Hepatotoxic, Rhabdotoxic, Gallstones Refractory: Add Niacin Inhibits TAG synthesis & VLDL secretion Tox: Hyperglycemia, Hyperuricemia |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular #lipids
|
|
DOC: Refractorily Low HDL
|
Niacin:
Inhibits TAG synthesis & VLDL secretion Tox: Hyperglycemia, Hyperuricemia No 2ndry Drug |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular #lipids
|
|
continuous murmur heard best at left infraclavicular regioj
|
PDA
|
#cardiovascular #pathology
#anatomy |
|
new onset aortic stenosis in 50 yo
|
bicuspid aortic valve
recently calcificied |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Causes of LV dilation
|
CAD
Valvular Heat Dz Dilated Cardiomyopathy Arrhytmias |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Nimodipine
|
calcium channel blocker
used both for hypertension and uniquely used to prevent mobidity following SubArachnoid Hemorrhage |
#neurology #cardiovascular #pharmacology
|
|
Cause of Death: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
|
Mitral Valve leaflets get sucked into the outflow tract
|
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Blue Babies
|
5 T's
Tetrology of Fallot (most common) Transposition fo GReat Vessels Trucus Arteriosus (persistent, non-divided) Tricuspid Atresia: hypoplastic RV + ASD + VSD Total anamalous bulmonary venous return (2 systems) |
#pathology #cardiovascular #neonatology
|
|
New Onset Cyanosis in Children
|
Eisenmenger
By Freq: 1. VSD 2. ASD (fixed split S2) 3. PDA |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
DOC: Nitroprusside OD
|
Nitroprosside: Ca2+ blocker which acts on both arteries an veins
Cyanide Toxicity DOC: Sulfur ie Sodium Thiosulfate provides extra substrate for liver rhodanase to form thiocyanate |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular #toxicity
|
|
what dz is assoc. w/ polyarteritis nodosum
|
[fibrinoid necrosis of small/medium vessels]
HBV in some not all |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Double Barrel Aorta
|
Aortic Dissection
Begins as an intimal tear Hypertension is the most important risk factor |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
homogenous hyalinization vs onion skinning of arteries
|
hyaline: low level Htn
onion skinning: malignant htn |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Murmurs v Respiration
|
Inspiration induces/increases Right Sided Murmurs
Expiration induces/increases Left Sided Murmurs |
#pathology #cardiovascular #diagnostics
|
|
Murmurs v Valsalva Maneuver
|
same as standing
Most murmurs diminish except for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Mitral Valve Prolapse NB: these also the only mumurs to become quieter with passive leg raise/squatting |
#pathology #cardiovascular #diagnostics
|
|
Murmurs v Standing
|
same as valsalva maneover
Most murmurs diminish except for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Mitral Valve Prolapse NB: these also the only mumurs to become quieter with passive leg raise/squatting |
#pathology #cardiovascular #diagnostics
|
|
Mumurs v Squatting
|
same as passive leg raising
most murmurs become louder except hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral valve prolapse NB: these are also the only murmurs to become louder with valsalva maneuver/standing |
#pathology #cardiovascular #diagnostics
|
|
Murmurs v Passive Leg Raise
|
same as passive leg raising
most murmurs become louder except hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral valve prolapse NB: these are also the only murmurs to become louder with valsalva maneuver/standing |
#pathology #cardiovascular #diagnostics
|
|
Murmurs v Handgrip
|
MR, VSD, and AR become Louder
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy murmur becomes queiter |
#pathology #cardiovascular #diagnostics
|
|
Drug Interaxns of Niacin
|
Potentiates Anti-Hypertensives
Induces Insulin Resistance also causes hyperuricemia |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular #toxicity
|
|
Libman-Sacks Dz
|
Libman Sacks Endocarditis of SLE
sterile endocarditis likely IC deposition may progress to regurgitation or stenosis |
#pathology #cardiovascular #rheumatology
|
|
Dressler's Dz
|
autoimmune myocarditis which follows MI by months
|
#pathology #rheumatology #cardiovascular
|
|
autoimmune myocarditis which follows MI by months
|
Dressler's Dz
|
#pathology #rheumatology #cardiovascular
|
|
Relative Conduction Speeds Throughout the Heart
|
Purkinje
Atrial Muscle Ventricular Muscle AV Node Mn: Park At VENTura AVenue |
#physiology #cardiovascular
|
|
Digoxin: mechanism of action
|
1. Blocks NaK ATPase → ↑ [Ca2+]
2. ↑ PSNS tone → ↓ AV node condxn |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular
|
|
S3 indicative of
|
stiff or partially filled
best heart in left lateral decupitus position at ventricular apex at end of expiration |
#cardiovascular #pathology #diagnostics
|
|
What signals drive angiogenesis
|
VEGF: endothelial cell motility and proliferation
FGF: also contributes |
#physiology #cardiovascular
|
|
Dilated Cardiomyopathies
|
90% of cardiomyopathies are dilated cariomyopathies
Pathogenesis: ↑ End Diastolic Volume → Eccentric Hypertrophy → Systolic Dysfnx All chambers dilated, valvular insufficiencies, heart failure Etiologies: Mn: ABCCCD (-PH) Alcohol, Beriberi Coxsackie B, Cocaine, Chagas Doxorubicin/Daunorubicin Post Partum Hemochromatosis (may be restrictive) |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Alcoholic Cardiac Abnormality
|
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
↑ End Diastolic Volume → Eccentric Hypertrophy → Systolic Dysfnx All chambers dilated, valvular insufficiencies, heart failure 90% of cardiomyopathies are dilated cariomyopathies Etiologies: Mn: ABCCCD (-PH) Alcohol, Beriberi Coxsackie B, Cocaine, Chagas Doxorubicin/Daunorubicin Post Partum Hemochromatosis (may be restrictive) |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Thiamine Deficiency Cardiac Abnormality
|
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
↑ End Diastolic Volume → Eccentric Hypertrophy → Systolic Dysfnx All chambers dilated, valvular insufficiencies, heart failure 90% of cardiomyopathies are dilated cariomyopathies Etiologies: Mn: ABCCCD (-PH) Alcohol, Beriberi Coxsackie B, Cocaine, Chagas Doxorubicin/Daunorubicin Post Partum Hemochromatosis (may be restrictive) |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Coxsackie Cardiac Abnormality
|
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
↑ End Diastolic Volume → Eccentric Hypertrophy → Systolic Dysfnx All chambers dilated, valvular insufficiencies, heart failure 90% of cardiomyopathies are dilated cariomyopathies Etiologies: Mn: ABCCCD (-PH) Alcohol, Beriberi Coxsackie B, Cocaine, Chagas Doxorubicin/Daunorubicin Post Partum Hemochromatosis (may be restrictive) |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Doxorubicin Cardiac Abnormality
|
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
↑ End Diastolic Volume → Eccentric Hypertrophy → Systolic Dysfnx All chambers dilated, valvular insufficiencies, heart failure 90% of cardiomyopathies are dilated cariomyopathies Etiologies: Mn: ABCCCD (-PH) Alcohol, Beriberi Coxsackie B, Cocaine, Chagas Doxorubicin/Daunorubicin Post Partum Hemochromatosis (may be restrictive) |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Hemochromatosis Cardiac Abnormality
|
May be Dilated or Restrictive Cardiomyopathy!
Dilated: ↑ End Diastolic Volume → Eccentric Hypertrophy → Systolic Dysfnx All chambers dilated, valvular insufficiencies, heart failure Restrictive: ↓ compliance → diastolic dysnfx heart failure |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Cocaine Cardiac Abnormality
|
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
↑ End Diastolic Volume → Eccentric Hypertrophy → Systolic Dysfnx All chambers dilated, valvular insufficiencies, heart failure 90% of cardiomyopathies are dilated cariomyopathies Etiologies: Mn: ABCCCD (-PH) Alcohol, Beriberi Coxsackie B, Cocaine, Chagas Doxorubicin/Daunorubicin Post Partum Hemochromatosis (may be restrictive) |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Chagas Cardiac Abnormality
|
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
↑ End Diastolic Volume → Eccentric Hypertrophy → Systolic Dysfnx All chambers dilated, valvular insufficiencies, heart failure 90% of cardiomyopathies are dilated cariomyopathies Etiologies: Mn: ABCCCD (-PH) Alcohol, Beriberi Coxsackie B, Cocaine, Chagas Doxorubicin/Daunorubicin Post Partum Hemochromatosis (may be restrictive) |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Restrictive Cariomyopathy
|
restrictive cardiomyopathy
↓ compliance → diastolic dysnfx heart failure Causes: 1. Amyloidosis 2. Post-surgical fibrosis 3. Radiation-induced Fibrosis also Genetics: pompe's dz, hemochromatosis (may also be dilated) Metastatic Cancers, Genetic abnormalities childhood fibroelastosis |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Amyloidosis Cardiac Abnormality
|
restrictive cardiomyopathy
↓ compliance → diastolic dysnfx heart failure Causes: 1. Amyloidosis 2. Post-surgical fibrosis 3. Radiation-induced Fibrosis also Genetics: pompe's dz, hemochromatosis (may also be dilated) Metastatic Cancers, Genetic abnormalities childhood fibroelastosis |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Radiation Induced Cardiac Abnormality
|
restrictive cardiomyopathy
↓ compliance → diastolic dysnfx heart failure Causes: 1. Amyloidosis 2. Post-surgical fibrosis 3. Radiation-induced Fibrosis also Genetics: pompe's dz, hemochromatosis (may also be dilated) Metastatic Cancers, Genetic abnormalities childhood fibroelastosis |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Pompe's Dz Cardiac Abnormality
|
deficiency of Lysosomal α 1,4 glucosidase (aka acid maltase)
restrictive cardiomyopathy ↓ compliance → diastolic dysnfx heart failure Causes of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 1. Amyloidosis 2. Post-surgical fibrosis 3. Radiation-induced Fibrosis also Genetics: pompe's dz, hemochromatosis (may also be dilated) Metastatic Cancers, Genetic abnormalities childhood fibroelastosis |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Kussmaul's Sign
|
normally JVP decreases with inspiration
Kussmaul's sign is an increase in JVP w/ inspiration indicative of constrictive pericarditis -Kussmaul's Sign -Pericardial Knock (earlier than S3 which normallly indicates rapid filling from dilated/weak ventricle) -Pulsus Paradoxus |
#cardiology #pathology #diagnostics
|
|
Increase in JVP on inspiration
|
normally JVP decreases with inspiration
Kussmaul's sign is an increase in JVP w/ inspiration indicative of constrictive pericarditis -Kussmaul's Sign -Pericardial Knock (earlier than S3 which normallly indicates rapid filling from dilated/weak ventricle) -Pulsus Paradoxus |
#cardiology #pathology #diagnostics
|
|
Decrease in JVP on inspiration
|
Physiologic
_________________________ Kussmaul's sign is an increase in JVP w/ inspiration indicative of constrictive pericarditis -Kussmaul's Sign -Pericardial Knock (earlier than S3 which normallly indicates rapid filling from dilated/weak ventricle) -Pulsus Paradoxus |
#cardiology #pathology #diagnostics
|
|
Pericardial Knock
|
Heart Sound heard before S3 indicative of extremely restricted filling
Restrictive Pericarditis --Kussmaul's increase in JVP on inspiration --Pericardial Knock --Pulsus Paradoxus |
#cardiology #pathology #diagnostics
|
|
Heart sound immediately following S2
|
Pericardial Knock
before S3 (ventricular splash from dilation) indicative of restrictive pericarditis --Kussmaul's increase in JVP on inspiration --Pulsus Paradoxus --Pericardial Knock |
#pathology #cardiovascular #diagnostics
|
|
Compare Subclasses of Class I antiarrhytmics
|
1A (DQP)
prolonged QRS intermediate inhibition of phase 0 1B Shortened QRS Weak inhibition of Phase 0 1C ∅Δ QRS Strong inhibition phase zero |
#cardiovascular #pharmacology
|
|
Familial QT prolongation
|
predisposes to TdP
accompanied by neurosensory deafness |
#pathology #cardiovascular #neurology #geneticdzs
|
|
Familial Neurosensory Deafness
Likely Accompanying Condition? |
Familial QT prolongation
predisposes to TdP |
#pathology #cardiovascular #neurology #geneticdzs
|
|
Pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm
|
myxomatous changes in media of large arteries 2* gragementation of elastic ts
may be caused by marfan sro β-aminopropionitrile (sweat peas) inhibits lysyl oxidase which cross links elastin |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Heart Abnormality of DiGeorge Sro
|
Tetrology of Fallot
|
#pathology #cardiovascular #geneticdzs
|
|
Heart Abnormality of Down Sro
|
Endocardial Cushion Defects:
--ASD --Regurgitant AV vales |
#pathology #cardiovascular #geneticdzs
|
|
Which heart chamber is closest to the esophagus?
|
left atrium makes up the majority of heart's posterior surface
RA makes up the right border of X-ray LV makes up the left border and paex RV is the front of the heart and inferior border on X ray |
#anatomy #cardiovascular
|
|
Why doesn't blood flow back into lungs during atrial systole?
|
cardiac muscle in proximal few cm of pulmonary veins fnx like sphincters
|
#phsyiology #cardiovascular
|
|
Mechanism of Action: NO
|
primarily a venodilator
↓ preload → ↓ cardiac O2 demand large doses can affect arterioles → HA, flushing |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular
|
|
Regulation: precapillary sphincters
|
pericytes
location dpt response to NE & E dilate irt histamine, ↓ O2, ↑ CO2, ↓ pH |
#physiology #cardiovascular
|
|
Flecainide
|
IC antiarrhytmic
blocks sodium channels and primarily acts by slowing phase 0 depolarization no effect on duration of QT contrast to IA: Qunidine, Procainimide, Disopyramide blocks K channels ↑ QT IB: Lidocaine, Mixiletine, Tocainide shortens QT by ↓ Funny Current (Background Na) |
#drugs #cardiology #pharmacology
|
|
Dofetilide
|
Class III antiarrhthmic
blocks K⁺ channels dofetilide, ibutilide, amiodarone, sotalol |
#drugs #cardiology #pharmacology
|
|
Ibutilide
|
Class III antiarrhthmic
blocks K⁺ channels dofetilide, ibutilide, amiodarone, sotalol |
#drugs #cardiology #pharmacology
|
|
Varicose Veins: most problematic complication
|
skin
thrombi do occur, but no thromboemboli all PE's from deep veins of leg (sic: DVT) varicosities occur in superficial veins |
#cardiovascular #pathology
|
|
phlegmaisa alba dolens
|
painful white leg
ilofemoral venous thrombosis which occurs in peripartum women 2° uterus pressure on deep pevic veins + hypercoagulaable state non-ischemic state if superficial flow lost also "Phlegmasia cerulea dolens"→ ischemia & gangrene |
#reproductive #pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Ticlopidine
|
Ticlopidine
ADP antagonist like Clopidogrel 2nd line drug for pts who are allergic to clopidogrel serious side effects: neutropenia → fever & mouth ulcers |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular #toxicities
|
|
Most cardioselective calcium channel blocker
|
Verapamil
|
#cardiovascular #pharmacology
|
|
anti-arrhythmic which ↑ PR & QT intervals
|
Sotalol
Class II: β1 blockade ↑ PR Class III: K+ blockade ↑ QR uniquely so |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular
|
|
Coronary Steal Effect
|
Vessels in Ischemic Regions are often maximally dilated
addition of adenosine and dipyridamole (coronary-selective vasodilators) may dilate surrounding vessels and divert flow away from ischemic areas. |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular #toxicity
|
|
dipyridamole
|
a coronary-selective vasodilator like adenosine
also inhibits thromboxane synthesis and prevents platelet thrombus formation |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular
|
|
Inferior wall STEMI
which artery? |
Right Coronary Artery
Sinus Bradycardia |
#cardiovascular #pathology #diagnostics
|
|
Anterior Wall STEMI
which artery? |
Left Anterior Descending
also supplies interventricular septum Mobitz Type 2, 2° or 3° possible |
#cardiovascular #pathology #diagnostics
|
|
Left Lateral Wall STEMI
Which artery |
Left Circumflex
|
#cardiovascular #pathology #diagnostics
|
|
Right Coronary Artery Ischemia: EKG Findings
|
Inferior wall MI
Sinus bradycardia |
#cardiovascular #pathology #diagnostics
|
|
Left Anterior Descending Ischemia: EKG Findings
|
Anterior Wall MI
also supplies interventricular septum: Mobitz Type 2, 2° or 3° possible |
#cardiovascular #pathology #diagnostics
|
|
Left Circumflex Artery Ischemia: EKG Findings
|
Left Lateral Wall MI
|
#cardiovascular #pathology #diagnostics
|
|
Atrial Myxoma
|
pedunculated gelatenous masses
scattered cells w/in mucopolysaccharide stroma large amts of VEGF and IL6 produced → intrapeduncular hemorrhaging → constitutional sx either embolize or obstruct valves dyspnea improves lying down most common cardiac neoplasm |
#pathology #cardiology #neoplasia
|
|
systemic inflammatory response, mid-diastolic murmur at apex, dyspnea which improves when supine
|
pedunculated gelatenous masses
scattered cells w/in mucopolysaccharide stroma large amts of VEGF and IL6 produced → intrapeduncular hemorrhaging → constitutional sx either embolize or obstruct valves dyspnea improves lying down most common cardiac neoplasm |
#pathology #cardiology #neoplasia
|
|
Dysphagia 2° to Cardiac Hypertrophy,
which chamber? causes? |
Left Atrium
mitral stensosis or ↑ Left Ventricular Pressure |
#cardiology #pathology
|
|
Vessels Spared by PAN
|
Pulmonary Arteries & Bronchial Arteries
Chronically ongoing inflammation of medium & small arteries Presents as livedo reticularis (purple network) or palpable purpura, propensity for bead like aneurysm Segmentally distinct acute inflam → Mixed WBC infiltrate → Fibrinoid necrosis (Contrast Mixed WBC Infitlrate to eosinophil dominated Churgg-Strauss, and PMN dominanted -ie leukocytoclastic- Microscopic polyangitis) Histology: thick hyalinosis in adventitia All stages concurrent around the body (Contrast to Kawasaki's lock-step progression) Not assoc with ANCA's (Contrast to Wegener's and Microscopic Polyangitis) Fatal if UnTx Rx: immunosuppressents |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Where do the respiratory drive signals originate
|
Hypercapnea (normal individuals):
-Medulla detects pH Hypoxia (<60 mmHg or chronic hypercapnics) -Chemoreceptors in aotic arch and carotid bodies via CN9 |
#cardiovascular
#pulmonary #neurology #physiology |
|
Heart Medicine which causes and AV block
|
Class IV: Ca2+ channels
Verapamil, Diltiazem non-dihydropyridine ↑ PR interval |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular
|
|
Regulation of ACE's
|
Apparently the lung endothelium upregulates ACE's when BP is low I don't know I don't think that's true
|
#physiology #cardiovascular
|
|
Acute onset chest pain relieved by sitting up
|
pericarditis
friction rub, sero-firbinous exudate |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Fnx Mitral Regurgitation
|
Mitral Regurgitation which dissappears upon reduction of afterload
|
#cardiovascular #pathology
|
|
Myocardial Granulomas
|
Aschoff bodies indicative of acute rheumatic carditis
plump M∅ w/ abundant cytoplasm and slender ribbons of chromatin = Anitschkow Cells (within Aschoff bodies) |
#cardiovascular #pathology #microbiology #rheumatology
|
|
Fixed splitting of S2
|
A-V defect
Left-to-Right Shunt: RA pressure normally <8 LA pressure up to 12 Abnormally large blood volume in RV → delays emptying Eisenmenger Sro: Left-to-Right Shunt → ↑ Pulmonary Flow → Pulmonary Hypertension → Right-to-Left Shunt |
#cardiology #pathology
|
|
Cardiac Ischemia:
How long until Contraxns Stop? When does Injury Become Irreversible? |
Contraxn stops w/in first minute
damage permenant after 30 min |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Abnormal Breathing Pattern
|
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing of Advanced CHF
delayed feedback to hypercapnea start breathing hard to blow off CO2 → suppress drive cyclic variation in tidal volume with periods of apnea contrast to OSA which has on-off phenomenon not cyclic variation in tidal volume |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
DOC: catheter endocarditis
|
Staph epidermidis
Gram + Catalase + Coagulase Neg Novobiocin Sensitive Usually MRSE start with Vancomycin |
#microbiology #pathology #cardiovascular #pharmacology #antimicrobials
|
|
Sudden Cardiac Death:
pathogenesis |
Majority due to Coronary artery desiease
acute plaque rupture & thrombus → ischemia ischemia → arrhytmias → ventricular fibrillation |
#pathology #cardiovascular
|
|
Heart Drug
Visual changes and GI disturbances |
Digoxin toxicity
|
#cardiovascular #pharmacology #toxicity
|
|
How does nitroglycerin help the heart?
|
cGMP → venodilation → decreased preload
nitrates do dilate the coronary arterioles, but this is not where the bulk of their effectiveness comes from, the bulk of the effectiveness comes from venorelaxn |
#pharmacology #cardiovascular
|
|
S3 & S4
|
S4 = Atrial Kick
NB: caused by non-compliant ventricle S3 = Opening Splash caused by ↑ Atrial Pressure or Dilated ventricles ie ↑ mitral regurg or end stage CHF physiologic in children & pregnants |
#cardiology #pathology
|
|
Heart Problems on a Med
Nausea, Vomiting, Confusion, Visual Changes |
Digoxin used for atrial fib w/ undelrying systolic dysnfx
Not only ↑ contractility, but also induces vagal stim of AV node Toxicity: Nausea/Vomitting/Anorexia/Diarrhea fatigue/HA/Dizziness/Confusion/Delerium Blurry Vision, Δcolor perception Hyperkalemia Tx: activated charcoal insulin, kayexalate or hemodyalysis for hyperK avoid Ca2+ gluconate 3. Fab NB: hypokalemic state ↑ susceptibility to digoxin tocitity |
#cardiology #pharmacology #toxicity
|
|
Where do the testicular and adrenal veins drain?
|
Right Adrenal drains via right suprarenal vein directly into IVC
Right Testical Drains directly into IVC Both left Adrenal and Left Testical Drain into Left Renal Vein |
#anatomy #cardiovascular
|
|
"Normal" Cardiac Abnormality
|
1/4 of adult population has a patent foramen ovale
normal atrial pressures keep it closed problems arise if RA pressures > LA pressures thromboses/strokes |
#cardiovascular #pathology
|
|
Cardiovascular Defects of Turner Sro
|
1. Bicuspid Aortic Valve <<most common
2. Coarctation of aorta |
#pathology #genetics #cardiovascular
|
|
Normal Pressures in each Chamber of Heart and Major Vessel
|
(Min-Max)
RA: 0-8 RV: 4-25 Pulm Art: 9-25 LA: 2-12 LV: 9-130 Aorta: 70-130 |
#physiology #cardiovascular
|
|
Losartan
|
ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blocker
all end in -artan NB: similar effects to ACEI's w/o angioedema or dry cough |
#pharmacology
#cardiovascular |
|
-artan
|
ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blocker
all end in -artan (eg Losartan) NB: similar effects to ACEI's w/o angioedema or dry cough |
#pharmacology
#cardiovascular |
|
ARB's
|
ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blocker
all end in -artan (eg Losartan) NB: similar effects to ACEI's w/o angioedema or dry cough |
#pharmacology
#cardiovascular |
|
Constrictive Pericarditis vs Cardiac Tamponade
|
Constrictive Pericarditis takes months to produce tamponade
Tamponade is an acute onset |
#physiology #cardiology
|
|
Amlodipine
|
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker
more selective for vasculature relaxes arterioles to reduce TPR in angina pectoris |
#pharmacology #cardiology
|
|
Spontaeous Intraranial Hemorrhage in a young adult
|
likely cocaine (or sympatheticomimetics)
coarctation of aorta → berry aneurysm (htn) [AV malformation] |
#pathology #cardiovascular #neurology
|
|
Main cause of sudden cardiac death in previously healthy young adults
|
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Autosomal Dominant: disoriented tangled cardiomyocytes Dilated septum obstructs outflow tract → systolic murmur ↑ by ↓ venous return (standing, valsalva) Main cause of sudden cardiac death in previously healthy young adults assoc. c Friederick's ataxia Tx: βblocker or non-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker, eg verpamil |
#pathology #cardiovascular
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Autosomal Dominant: disoriented tangled cardiomyocytes Dilated septum obstructs outflow tract → systolic murmur ↑ by ↓ venous return (standing, valsalva) Main cause of sudden cardiac death in previously healthy young adults assoc. c Friederick's ataxia Tx: βblocker or non-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker, eg verpamil |
#pathology #cardiovascular
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Post MI Ventricular WallRupture
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10% of cases 3-7 days after MI when coagulative necrosis and PMN infiltrate have weakened most
LV hypertrophy prior to MI is rupture-protective |
#pathology #cardiovascular
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Baroreceptor Reflex Physiology
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CN9
pressure ↑ firing rate → vagal discharge → ↑ AV reffractory preriod Stimualtion good for Superventricular Tachycardia (AV reenterant tachycardias) |
#physiology #cardiology #autonomics
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Acute Infective Endocarditis
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Staph aureus is most common cause
predisposed by undelrying host endotheial damage & fibrin/platelet deposition |
#microbiology #pathology #cardiovascular
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anti-hyperlipidemic agent produces cutaneous flushing
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niacin/nicotinic acid
prostaglandin mediated flushing may be inhibited by aspirin mech: inhibits VLDL secretion, ↑ HDL secretion & LPL fnx |
#pharmacology #drugs #cardiovascular
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