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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are prokaryotic cells?
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does not have membrane bound organelles, simpler form of the cell, DNA inside the cell
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What are eukaryotic cells?
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cells that have organelles enclosed in membranes.
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What are the three domains and describe them.
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bacteria: prokaryotes
archaea: prokaryotes eukarya: eukaryotes |
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Name the kingdoms and how they are determined.
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protists-single-celled,plants-
multicellular, animals-multi- cellular, fungi-break things down, kingdoms are determined by how they get their food |
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Name the steps of the scientific observation.
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1.observation 2.question
3.hypothesis 4.tests (falsify or support hypothesis) |
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What does science rely on?
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external observations and uses tests to answer ideas or questions
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Who creates the theories of evolution?
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Charles Darwin
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Who invented taxonomy and what is it?
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the way we name things, organizational system, Linnaeus
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Who invented binomial nomeclature and what is it? give an ex.
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Linnaeus, genus, species
Homo sapiens |
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Name the organizational system steps that taxonomy uses.
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a)domain name e)order
b)kingdom f)family c)phylum g)genus d)class h)species |
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What did Linnaeus do that created a problem for his discoveries?
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he noticed similarity, but didn't imply relatedness
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Who developed paleontology and what is it? what did he find?
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Cuvier,
study of fossils, lifeforms in layers of fossils |
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What was Cuvier's theory?
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catastrophism-there was a catastrophic event that destroyed the organism that was lost after a certain layer of fossils.
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What did Hutton and Lyell do?
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geologists that said if geologic processes happened in the past they are still happening today
(ex. not catastrophism, gradual changes in the environment) |
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What was Lamarck's theory?
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how life can gradually evolve, use and disuse:if you use something it will become longer, stronger or bigger, if you don't it will deteriorate
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What was Lamarck's theory about offspring of the evolved?
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inheritance of acquired characteristics:because you use something your offspring will have the bigger,stronger or longer version,if you don't they will have the deteriorated version
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Who first created the theory of evolution?
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Wallace
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Where did Charles Darwin develop his theory of natural selection?
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galapagos islands
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What was Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection?
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the stronger live longer than the weaker=survival of the fittest,
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What was Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary adaptation?
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a species can evolutionary adapt to an environment so they may survive. Then they can produce genes that they can pass to their offspring.
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What was Charles Darwin's theory of artificial selection?
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we can make a species do and make what we want according to the way we train it and treat it. ex. plants, dogs, fruit flies, antibiotics
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What problem did Charles Darwin solve for evolution? what did he create to solve it?
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the evolutionary tree, used Linnaues' binomial nomenclature, realized that the species might be related.
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What does endemic mean?
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whatever organism we are referring to the organism can only be found in one certain area of the world.
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Who discovered that humans can increase faster than resources? who did he influence?
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Malthus, influenced Darwin
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What scientists influenced Darwin?
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Hutton, Lyell, Lamarck and Malthus
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What did Mayr say?
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individuals do not evolve, populations do, natural selection only works on traits that are inheritable, learned (acquired) behaviors are not passed on
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What did Mayr say about traits?
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different traits are favored in different places
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What are homologous structures?
give an example. |
they are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor
ex.human hand, cat paw, whale fin=wrists |
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What are comparative embryology?
give ex. |
reveals additional anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms.
ex.human & chick embryo-pharyngeals pouches, post-anal tails |
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What are vestigial organs?
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are some of the most intriguing homologous structures.
are remnants of structures that served important functions in the organism's ancestors. |
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How do biologists observe homologies among organisms?
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they observe them at a molecular level.
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What is biogeography and who developed this theory?
give an example |
Darwin, closely related species usually live in similar environments
ex.sugar glider and flying squirrel |
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What contributes to evolution?
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genetic variations in a population
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What is microevolution?
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is the change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation
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What is population genetics?
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it is the study of how populations change genetically over time,
it reconciled Darwin's and Mendel's ideas |
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What is a population?
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it is a localizing group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
ex. mule not a pop. |
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What is the gene pool?
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is the total aggregate(collections) of genes in a population at any one time
-consists of all gene loci in all individuals of the population |
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What is an allele?
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different forms of a gene, different version of a gene, produce different phenotypes
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg theorem?
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describes a population that is not evolving
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What does the Hardy-Weinberg theorem state?
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states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population's gene pool remain constant from generation to generation provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work.
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What is Mendelian inheritance?
give an ex. |
preserves genetic variation in a population
ex.pink, red and white flowers |
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What are the 5 conditions for non-evolving populations that are rarely met in nature.
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-extremely large population size
-no gene flow -no mutations -random mating -no natural selection |
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What is homozygous and heterozygous?
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homo-two of the same allele
heter-two diff. alleles |
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When will allele frequencies not change?
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in a given population where gametes contribute to the next generation randomly
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What is population genetics?
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a foundation for studying evolution in action
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What are population genetics?
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a foundation for studying evolution in action.
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What is a species?
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a group of populations whose individuals can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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If the population meets all the hardy-weinberg theorem conditions what is the population said to be in?
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the condition describing a non-evolving population, one that is in genetic equilibrium
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After the Hardy-Weinberg theorem is not met by many populations what is the reality of each of their conditions?
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-populations vary greatly in size-there are always members moving in and out of the population-mutations occur often-mates not always selected at random-not all individuals can reproduce successfully
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In the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium are the allele genotypes and phenotype frequencies the same or different?
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the same
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What are factors leading to evolutionary change?
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-mutation
-sexual recombination -natural selection -genetic drift (small pop.) -gene flow |
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What is genetic diversity the product of?
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-mutation
-genetic recombination through sexual reproduction |
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What does mutation and genetic recombination do to evolutionary change?
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-provide alternative alleles that may or may not be advantegeous
-this creates the substrate for natural selection to work with |
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What is mutation?
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random, heritable changes in DNA that introduces new allels into a gene pool
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What is the only source of genetic variation in asexually reproducing organisms?
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mutations
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What kind of organisms can cause genetic variation very rapidly?
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microorganisms with high replication rates
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What types of sexual recombinations generates variation?
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crossing over,
independent assortment, random fertilization |
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What is evolution?
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simply a change in the allele frequencies within a population of organisms
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What do genetic drift and gene flow do?
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they alter a population's genetic composition
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How does Natural selection relate to genetic variation?
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it chooses among the possible genetic options to get the best fit for a certain time and place
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According to microevolution what happens from generation to generation?
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there is a change in allele frequencies
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What are the causes for microevolution?
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genetic drift and natural selection
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What is genetic drift?
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random changes inm the gene pool of small populations due to chance. natural selection is not involved.
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What can genetic drift cause?
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fixed alleles
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What is a fixed allele?
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means that only one allele exists for a given gene, there is a loss of genetic variation for the trait
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Why can genetic drift be a problem?
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without genetic variation a population cannot evolve
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What are two types of genetic drift? Give an ex. of each
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bottleneck effect-northern elephant seal, and founder effect-ex. lion fish
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What is the bottleneck effect?
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a disaster caused by a sudden change in the environment may drastically reduce the size of a population, in effect the few survivors have passed the restrictve "bottleneck"
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What is the foundere effect?
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change in allele frequencies when a new population arises from only a few individuals, when a few ind. become isolated from a larger pop.
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What is gene flow?
give an example. |
addition or removal of alleles due to individuals entering or leaving a population from another population.
ex. people moving from country to country |
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If there is continous gene flow between populations what happens?
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it decreases the genetic difference between the two populations
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What is directional selection?
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when a population's environment changes or when members of a population migrate to a new habitat with different environmental conditions than their former one.
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Give an example of directional selection.
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beak size selection in Galapagos Islands, population growthn of the medium ground finch, favors one extreme
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What is diruptive (diversifying) selection?
give an example |
occurs when environmental conditions favor individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes.ex. large and small bills favored, intermediate not
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What is stabilizing selection?
give an example |
acts against extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants.
ex.hummingbird |
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What is non-random mating?
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selection of mates
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What does non-random mating lead to?
give an ex. |
sexually dimorphic traits that make individuals more attractive to mates
ex. broad-billed hummingbirds |
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What is intrasexual selection ?
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between two within the same gender.
ex. males against males |
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What is intersexual selection?
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between two different genders, "mate choice?
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When did the Big Bang occur?
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10-20 billion years ago
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When did the Earth form/
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4.55 billion years ago
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What happened to form the Earth?
when did this occur? |
high temperature eventually cooled, crust hardened and water vapor collected as oceans 4.1 billion years ago
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What was the atmosphere made of?
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water vapor (H20), hydrogen, methane (CH4), Ammonia (NH3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and little free oxygen
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What changed Earth?
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life, photosynthetic prokaryotes released oxygen and completely changed the atmosphere
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What does the current atmosphere contain?
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Nitrogen (N2)-78%
Oxygen (02)-21% Carbon Dioxide (CO2)-0.03% |
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What are cells?
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basically a chemical factory managed by DNA, simplest unit of life
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What does RNA and DNA do?
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DNA issues orders through RNA
RNA operates the rest of the metabollic machinery by making proteins |
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What is abiogenesis?
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life evolved from nonliving material called abiotic synthesis or chemical evolution
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What did Stanley Miller suggest and when? what did he produce evidence of?
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suggested life originated in the early atmosphere in 1950's nucleotides, amino acids, lipids, ATP, sugars and proteins
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What is an example today of abiotic synthesis?
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hydrothermal vents
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What are microspheres?
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when mixed together large proteins and lipid molecules spontaneously form droplets
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What can microspheres do?
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regulates passage of material in and out-swell and shrink osmotically-divide when reaching a certain size
store energy in form of voltage across their membranes |
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What were trapped inside microspheres as they formed?
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organic molecules
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What was the origin of self replication?
What does RNA do? |
the first genitc material: RNA
RNA molecules self replicate |
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What gave rise to the first cells?
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abiotic synthesis & molecular cooperations
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What were the first cells, when did they form, and how long did they dominate?
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prokaryotes, 3.8 billion years ago, dominates for about 2 billion years
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What periods take place during the Precambrian era? and how long ago did each take place?
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Archean-3.5 b.y.a
Proterozoic-600 million years ago |
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What period did fungi evolve?
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Proterozoic period
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What periods occured during the Paleozoic era and how long ago?
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Cambrian-550 million years ago
Ordovicean-500 million years ago Devonian-400 million years ago Permian period-265 million years ago |
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What period did the cambrian explosion take place? what is it?
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Cambrian period, an explosion of cndiaria and porifera during this period
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What occured during the Ordovicean period?
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origin of land plants
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What occured during the Devonian period?
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a lot of diversificastion of bony fish, tetra pods and insects
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What occured during the Permian period?
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reptiles and insects
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What even occured during the Paleozoic era and during what period? what happened?when?
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Permian Extinction, 245 million years ago, 90% of life went extinct, thought to have been caused by volcanism, dust in atomosphere and acid rain
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What periods occured during the Mesozoic era, how long ago?
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Triassic-240 mya
Jurassic-200 mya Cretaceous-100 mya |
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What occured during the Triassic period?
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radiationdinosaurs and plants
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What occured during the Jurassic period?
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dinosaurs main period, plant development
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What occured during the Cretaceous period?
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flowering plants,dinosaurs, developed angeosperms
Cretaceous extinction-65mya, possibly giant asteroid |
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Which ones are smaller eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
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prokaryotes
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What are the types of autotrophs and where do they get their energy source and carbon source and what types of organisms are they?
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photoautotroph-light energy, CO2 energy, photosynthetic prokaryotes:plants, certain protists(algae)-chemoautotroph-inorganic chemicals,CO2,certainprokaryotes
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What are the two types of hetertrophs?where do they get their energy source and carbon sources and what types of organisms are they?
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photoheterotroph-light energy, organic compounds,certain prokaryotes-chemoheterotroph-organic compounds, organic compounds, many prokaryotes, protist, fungi, animals and some plants
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What are the common shapes of bacteria?
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bacilli-long oval
cocci-round sphere spirochete-squiggled |
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What are acthomycetes?
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are flamentous soil bacteria that help to break down a lot of compounds in soil
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What is the order in which the eras occured?
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Precambrian
Paleozoic Mesozoic |
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What are the major groups of bacteria?
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Proteobacteria
Gram positive bacteria Cyanobacteria Spirochetes Chlamydias |
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What are the types of Proteobacteria?
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phototrophs and chemotrophs, sulfur bacteria, nitrogen fixing bacteria, enteric bacteria (live in guts), ex. Salmonella
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What are gram positive bacteria?
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have large amount of peptidoglyan in cell walls, mostly chemotrophs, many form endospores
ex. Bacillus |
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What are cyanobacteria?
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photosynthetic, aquatic and marine, symbiotic with fungi(act as lichens), some fix nitrogen, some form stromatollites, some form red tides
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What are spirochetes?
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chemoheterotrophs, usually very active via "corkscrew" locomotion, often disease causing
ex. lyme disease and syphillis |
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What are Chlamydias?
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parasitic, gram negative, cause most of common form of blindness and STD
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What is locomotion and what is used for it?
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about 1/2 of all species of bacteria use single or multiple flagella for locomotion
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How do bacteria reproduce?
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they transfer genes by connecting to another bacterium, more often bacteria reproduce asexually with fission(make a copy of themselves, some can copy20xday
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what are obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes?
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obligate aerobes-use oxgen if present
facultative anaerobes-if it is present then they'll use it if not they'll find something else |
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What can bacteria do to escape detection?
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secrete and out sticky capsule or slime layer composed of polysaccharides (capsules and slime)
ex. immune system |
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What are endospores? where have they been found?
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domant stage containing DNA encased in a protective capsule. they have been found in 2000 year old mummies, immune system is what theya re trying to protect themselves from
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What is used for treatment of an oil spill?
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bioremediation
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Who helped to discover what caused diseases?
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Pasteur and Koch
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What is Kock's postulate?
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proven method to figure out what caused diseases
1.found in all sick individuals 2.isolate and grows in pure culture 3.Induces the disease in expt.animals 4. isolates again from expt. animals |
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What type of bacteria cause disease?What type of are exotoxins? what type of bacteria are endotoxins?
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pathogenic
exotoxins-proteins released by some bacterials cells are poisonous, endotoxins-cause fever,aches and poss.shock,comp- osers of bact.outer membranes |
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What are protists?
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the most diverse of all eukaryotes
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When were eukaryotes formed according to fossils, chemical signals, and how long were they unicellular?
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fossils found 2.1 bya
chemical signlals suggest 2.7 bya were unicellular for >1 billion years |
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What are some general protist features?
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-most are mobile at some life stage -use flagella or cilia
-generally unicellular complex cells-occur wherever there is water/moisture, reproduce asexually and sexually |
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What are the types of asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction?
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asexual:budding, fission, multiple fission
sexual:production of haploid cells via meiosis, fusion by syngamy |
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Give the name of bacteria that is heterotrophic and photosynthetic.
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Protozoa-heterotrophic
photosynthetic-Algae |
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What is the origin of eukaryotes?
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prokaryotes gradually over time infolding of plasma membrane and then engulfed prokaryotes called symbiosis.
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What are the groups of protists?
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1.ingestive-protozoa (animal like)
2.absorptive-fungus like 3.photosynthetic-algae (phytoplankton & seaweeds)no true plants |
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What Phylum causes serious problems with water supply and are parasitic?
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Phylum DiplomonadidQ
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What phylum inhabits the vaginia of females and also causes STDs
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Phylum Parabasala
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What Phylum has Euglenoids and an anterior chamber with 1-2flagella?
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Phylum Euglenozoa
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What Phylum has kinetoplastids and causes Trypanosoma (african sleeping sickness) Tse-Tse Fly
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Phylum Euglenozoa
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What are euglenoids and kinetoplastids?
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euglenoids-flagella emerge from the pockets
kinetoplastids-symbiotic with single large mitochondria and kinetoplast |
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What phylum has dinoflagellates and causes the "red tide"?
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Phylum Alveolata
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What Phylum causes plasmodium (malaria) and has apicomplexans?
What are apicomplexans? |
Phylum Alveolata
apicomplexans-parasites of animals |
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What Phylum has ciliates?what are ciliates?
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Phylum Alveolata, ciliates are large varied group of protists name for their use of cilia to move and feed
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What Phylum is red algae and what animals is in this phylum?
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Phylum Rhodophytes, warm marine multicellular seaweeds
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What Phylum is green algaeand gave rise to plants?
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Phylum Chlorophyta
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What does volvox, caulerpa, and ulva mean?
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volvox-colonial
ulva-multicellular caulerpa-multinucleate |
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Do fungi have chlorophyll?
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no
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What is a fungus?
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-are eukaryotic, absorptive heterotrophs,-use of exoenzymes(digest externally)-avascular
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What types of fungus are there? are they multicellular or unicellular?
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molds and mushrooms are multicellular,
yeasts are unicellular but are thought to have evolved from multicellular ancestors |
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Of 100,000 or so species of fungi how many are each type?
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1/3 are mutalistic in mycorrihzae and lichens,
1/3 are decomposers (saprobes) 1/3 are parasites |
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What does fungus work with to make use of what?
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it works with the roots of plants to make use of the nitrogen in soil
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What are lichens?
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composite organisms-working together-algae can photosynthesize to help make nutrients, very sensitive to acid rain and pollution
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What are saprobes?
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decomposers, turkey tail fungus trametes versicolor-usually decompose wood
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What is hyphae?
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basic structural unit of fungi made up of branching filaments with cell walls made of chitin.
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What is mycelium?
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hyphae that form an angled network of fibers
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What are the general characteristics of hyphae?
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-only grow in length, -can add a kilometere of length overnight, move by growing, mushrooms can appear overnight
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Describe a armillaria stoyae.
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3.4 miles in diameter,
1600 football fields, 2400 yeras old 100 tonss =1 mycelium |
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Why does the fungus life cycle differ from other life cycles?
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the cytoplasm and nuclei fuse together, there is only diploid cells during the zygote stage
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What is zygomycota?
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black bread mold, fungus
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What is Ascomycota?
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sac fungi
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What is Basidiomycota?
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club fungi, have gills spore held in there, when mushroom dries out the cap bends and spores are released
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What are zooxanthellae?
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live inside the coral, help coral to survive by photosynthesis. symbiotic relationship
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What is a nematocyst?
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a special stinging on cnidocytes, occurs on cnidarians
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What Phylum uses combs to move up and down, radially symmetry? what are they?
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Phylum Ctenophora, cnidarians
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What are the three germ layers of the embryo of coral reefs?
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ectoderm-produces epidermis and nervous tissue
mesoderm-produces muscles and most organs between skin and digestive tract-endoderm-lines the developing digestive tube |
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What are the definitions of acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate?
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acoelomate-no body cavity:space between endoderm and ectoderm filled with mesoderm-pseudocoel-
omate-false fluid filled body cavity fluid filled(muscle layer)-coelomate-tissue |
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What is cephalization?
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evolutionary trend-toward concertration of sensory structures at the anterior end
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What Phylum has flat worms?
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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What is the evolution of body cavities?
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fluid filled body cavity:fluid lined space separates the digestive tract from the outer body wall
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What Phylum has round worms?
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Phylum Nematoda
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Describe the phylum of round worms.
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-free living and parasitic
-live everywhere, aquatic terrestrial, small, cuticle made of keratin and collagen, longitudinal muscle- read rest |
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What Phylum has coelomates and shells with fleshy mantle?
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Phylum Mollusca
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What Phylum has segmented worms?
|
Phylum Annelida
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What Phylum has jointed feet, and exoskeletons?
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Phylum Arthropoda
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what Phylum has spiny skinned animals? and use tube feet?
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Phylum Echinodermata
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